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The use of copper-doped glass ionomer-based materials under composite restorations may contribute to an increased longevity of adhesive restorations, because of their enhanced antibacterial properties and reduced collagen degradation.

The depth of the English orthography makes reading and spelling in English a difficult task; particularly for English language learners (ELLs) whose first language (L1) has a shallow orthography. Mastering spelling in English is a critical component of increasing the English literacy of ELLs. This study investigated the English spelling of 569 Spanish-speaking ELLs in Grades 4 to 6. Participants’ writing samples were analyzed for spelling errors. Latent class analysis was utilized to discover hidden categories within the data using eight spelling error categories: (a) Vowel Omission; (b) Vowel Addition; (c) Vowel Substitution; (d) Vowel Sequence; (e) Consonant Omission; (f) Consonant Addition; (g) Consonant Substitution; (h) Consonant Sequence. Consonant- and vowel-based errors were nearly equal in each grade level. Latent class analysis resulted in a two-class model. Students in Class 1 made more types of errors than students in Class 2. As the grade level increased, the percentage of students in Class 2 increased. The results of this study show the effects of English and Spanish orthographies on the spelling of Spanish-speaking ELLs, with spelling errors occurring among both vowels and consonants. As omissions were the most prevalent errors in both classes, spelling instruction aimed at decreasing omissions should be considered for ELLs.

The increasing prevalence of technology in PreK–12 classrooms requires teachers to understand the technologies available as well as how and when to implement them across content areas and grade levels. Practitioner-oriented journals are an effective resource that teachers use to learn what, and how, to implement in the classroom. As such, this systematic review of the literature examined practitioner-oriented journals sponsored by major education organizations for technology implementation across content areas to determine the nature of the activities suggested using the SAMR Model. Results show a need for more resources regarding implementing technology across content areas in general, particularly at the redefinition level of the SAMR model. These insights allow for suggestions and recommendations for educating preservice teachers in technology integration before they become classroom teachers.

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