Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques are the most frequently used nonhuman primate (NHP) species for biomedical research and toxicology studies of novel therapeutics. In recent years, there has been a shortage of laboratory macaques due to a variety of competing factors. This was most recently exacerbated by the surge in NHP research required to address the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus 2 pandemic. Continued support of these important studies has required the use of more varied cohorts of macaques, including animals with different origins, increased exposure to naturally occurring pathogens, and a wider age range. Diarrhea and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are the most frequently occurring spontaneous findings in macaques of all origins and ages. The purpose of this review is to alert pathologists and scientists involved in NHP research to these findings and their impact on animal health and study endpoints, which may otherwise confound the interpretation of data generated using macaques.
Objectives Obese women are at increased risk of cervical cancer, partly due to missed detection of cervical precancers during routine cervical cancer screening. We administered a clinician survey to better understand specific challenges and identify potential solutions to performing cervical cancer screening and management in obese women. Materials and Methods We administered a web-based survey to 2,319 members of the American Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology including questions related to challenges associated with cervical sampling and visualization in obese compared with normal weight women and potential strategies for improvement. We summarized providers' responses using descriptive statistics and used Fisher exact tests to evaluate associations between provider characteristics and challenges with cervical sampling, visualization, and biopsy. Results Of the 240 providers that completed the survey, 89% and 93% reported that cervical sampling and visualization are more challenging in obese women, respectively, whereas 80% reported that taking a biopsy was more challenging. Commonly reported barriers included vaginal prolapse, difficulty visualizing and accessing the cervix, and lack of long enough sampling devices and large enough speculums. Frequently used techniques to improve sampling and visualization included use of a condom or examination glove finger to sheath a speculum and using a tenaculum. Most providers identified training for cervical sampling and colposcopy in obese women as a learning gap, and only 8% reported receiving such training. Conclusions Cervical cancer screening and management are more challenging in obese compared with normal weight women. Major barriers to cervical sampling and visualization included lack of adequately sized equipment and lack of education and training.
Beginning in 2015, athymic nude sentinel mice from conventional, medium-, and high-security facilities presented to the Comparative Pathology Laboratory (CPL) with weight loss, diarrhea, and/or rectal prolapse. Regardless of whether clinical signs were present or absent, the gross observation of ceco-colonic thickening corresponded histologically to pleocellular typhlocolitis with mucosal hyperplasia and lamina proprial multinucleated cells. A subset of affected sentinels exhibited granulomatous serositis and hepatosplenic necrosis with multinucleated cells. Initial suspicion of mouse hepatitis virus infection was excluded by polymerase chain reaction, electron microscopy, and serology. Multinucleated giant cells were confirmed as macrophages by positive immunoreactivity to Mac-3 and Iba-1 and negative immunoreactivity to pancytokeratin. From conventional and medium-security facilities, Helicobacter species were identified in 40 of 143 (27.9%) mice, with H. hepaticus accounting for 72.5% of identified Helicobacter species. Other agents included opportunistic bacterial infection (41/145, 28.3%), murine norovirus (16/106, 15.1%), and pinworms (2/146, 1.4%). From high-security facilities, only Enterobacter cloacae was identified (2/13, 15.4%), and no evidence of Helicobacter sp., murine norovirus, or pinworms was present. No potentially infectious disease agent(s) was identified in 71 of 146 (48.6%) affected nude sentinels from conventional and medium-security facilities and 11 of 13 (84.6%) affected nude sentinels from high-security facilities. No statistically significant differences in histologic lesion scores were identified between Helicobacter-positive and Helicobacter-negative mice. Thus, proliferative typhlocolitis with multinucleated giant cells was considered a nonspecific histologic pattern associated with a variety of primary and opportunistic pathogens in athymic nude mice.
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