Background: Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) addresses the challenge of meeting the growing demand for food, fibre and fuel, despite the changing climate and fewer opportunities for agricultural expansion on additional lands. CSA focuses on contributing to economic development, poverty reduction and food security; maintaining and enhancing the productivity and resilience of natural and agricultural ecosystem functions, thus building natural capital; and reducing trade-offs involved in meeting these goals. Current gaps in knowledge, work within CSA, and agendas for interdisciplinary research and science-based actions identified at the 2013 Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture (Davis, CA, USA) are described here within three themes: (1) farm and food systems, (2) landscape and regional issues and (3) institutional and policy aspects. The first two themes comprise crop physiology and genetics, mitigation and adaptation for livestock and agriculture, barriers to adoption of CSA practices, climate risk management and energy and biofuels (theme 1); and modelling adaptation and uncertainty, achieving multifunctionality, food and fishery systems, forest biodiversity and ecosystem services, rural migration from climate change and metrics (theme 2). Theme 3 comprises designing research that bridges disciplines, integrating stakeholder input to directly link science, action and governance.

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SummaryFumigants, such as 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin, have become key to pre-plant pest management in almond production. Whilst the use of these fumigants has become increasingly restricted due to human health concerns, less is known about their below-ground non-target effects in orchards and how nematode communities recover from fumigation over time. In this study, replicated trials compared 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin to non-treated controls in two almond orchards in California, USA. Nematode communities, nematode indices and nematode metabolic footprints were quantified soon after fumigation and for 2 years afterwards. Fumigation reduced the Herbivore Metabolic Footprint in year 1, and populations of Pratylenchus vulnus in year 3. Fumigation also reduced populations of larger omnivores and predators, resulting in lower levels of the Structure Index at one site. Populations of fungal-feeding nematodes were more adversely affected by fumigation than bacterial-feeding nematode populations. At both sites, fumigation still influenced nematode community composition 2 years after treatment application.