The intestinal microbiota of birds presents a wide variety of commensal microorganisms distributed from the crop, permeating through the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecuses and colon. They act in the metabolism of nutrients in the diet, generating important products for the balance of the microbiome and preservation of the intestinal organs tissue wall, resulting in better yield, nutritional development of the birds and satisfactory productivity for the producer. The guarantee of such results is only possible when there is knowledge about the microbiome, the nutritional requirements of the birds, the quantity and adequate time for food supply, environmental conditions and water supply. These are important points in this process of maintaining the symbiosis between host and microorganisms. This literature review aims to point out the main aspects of the intestinal microbiota of production birds, elucidating the intestinal anatomy of birds, contributing to the productive performance with emphasis on the set of commensal microorganisms present, elucidating the products resulting from the performance of these agents and which additives performance improvement has been used in animal nutrition to guarantee the health of the microbiome, based on the main agents present in the gastrointestinal tract of birds of zootechnical interest.
The objective of this study is to describe the clinical, epidemiological and anatomopathological aspects of a case of nasal rhinosporidiosis in a horse in the Northeast of Brazil. A 15-year-old female horse of mixed breed presented a nodule in the mucosa of the right nasal septum. Surgical excision was performed and sent for histopathological examination. Macroscopically, the nodule had an irregular and reddish surface, and when cut it was soft, whitish, and polypoid in shape. Microscopically, myriads of sporangia with endospores inside were observed in the lamina propria, morphologically similar to Rhinosporidium seeberi in various stages of maturation. The structures were also evidenced and marked by periodic acid Schiff (PAS), Grocott methenamine silver (GMS) and toluidine blue. The diagnosis of rhinosporidiosis was made based on macroscopic aspects and confirmed through histopathological examination. The presence of myriads of sporangia measuring 115 to 220 µm, containing endospores in its interior allowed the diagnosis. Although rhinosporidiosis is considered rare in Brazil, in the Northeast region there are descriptions of the disease in humans, suggesting that the disease in animals occurs and has possibly not been diagnosed. Therefore, it is important to include it as a differential diagnosis of diseases that affect the nasal cavity of horses in the region and that present similar lesions.
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selecionados para participar de entrevista semiestruturada. Resultados: 45,6% dos pais e cuidadores possuíam o ensino médio, 54% ganhavam até um salário mínimo e 42% tinham um filho. 70% possuíam termômetro, 48,4% não observaram o tempo adequado para retirálo. 29,4% verificavam pela palpação. 34,3% conceituaram febre a partir de 37,5°C. 96,3% administravam antitérmicos e 83,3% desconheciam os efeitos adversos. 14% administravam antibióticos. 70% consideravam que a febre trazia malefícios e que o pior dano é a convulsão.Os discursos sugeriram forte influência cultural e do saber comum. Conclusão: Considerase, portanto, que os participantes possuíam medos, crenças e práticas de manejo da febre similares. Em algumas situações demonstraram conhecimento e percepções limitados, ocasionando em atitudes errôneas frente à febre. A febre fobia persiste, pais ou cuidadores demonstram insegurança para cuidar da criança febril.
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