The potential effect of the fucose mannose ligand (FML)-vaccine on immunotherapy of canine visceral leishmaniasis was assayed on five mongrel dogs experimentally infected with Leishmania donovani and on 21 Leishmania chagasi naturally infected dogs when seropositive to FML but completely asymptomatic. The clinical signs of the experimentally infected, symptomatic dogs only disappeared after the complete vaccination. Protection was obtained in 3/5 animals that remained asymptomatic, IDR positive and parasite free, 1 year after infection. Furthermore, the asymptomatic, FML-vaccine treated dogs showed stable anti-FML IgG1 levels, increasing IgG2 levels and 79-95% of positive DTH response, during the whole experiment. Twenty-two months after complete vaccination, no obits due to visceral leishmaniasis were recorded and 90% of these dogs were still asymptomatic, healthy and parasite free. On the other hand, 37% (17/46 dogs) kala-azar obits were recorded in a control group that received no treatment during the same period, and that was FML-seropositive and asymtpomatic at the beginning of the assay. Our results indicate that the FML-vaccine was effective in the immunotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis of asymptomatic infected dogs. Normal proportions of CD4 and CD21 lymphocytes were detected in PBMC by FACS analysis, in dogs submitted to immunotherapy, suggesting their non-infectious condition. All animals showed as well significantly increased percents of CD8 lymphocytes as expected for Quillaja saponin (QuilA) vaccine treatments.

Heteropachylinae Kury, 1994 is currently considered an early lineage of Gonyleptidae Sundevall, 1833 and includes small harvestmen that occur in the Atlantic Forests, mainly in the Northeast Region of Brazil. The species of Heteropachylinae were spread in different subfamilies until the establishment of the group. As a result of that, until now there were no comparative works on the subfamily in the literature. In this study, the first systematic review for Heteropachylinae was carried out and the first phylogenetic hypothesis for their taxa is proposed, by means of a cladistic approach. A total of 102 morphological characters was coded for 21 terminal taxa: 11 species of Heteropachylinae, two species from the genus Mangaratiba Mello-Leitão, 1940 (considered as Heteropachylinae before this paper), seven other gonyleptids, and one cosmetid. The data were analysed using heuristic search algorithms, resulting in one most parsimonious tree (280 steps, consistency index = 0.47, retention index = 0.63). A parsimony analysis under implied weights was also performed, resulting in three trees. According to the results, Heteropachylinae is a monophyletic and well-supported group if Mangaratiba is excluded. This genus should be returned to where it was originally described -Pachylinae. The subfamily distribution is restricted from Ceará to Espírito Santo Brazilian states. Pseudopucrolia Roewer, 1912 is considered a senior synonym of Melloa Roewer, 1930, Thaumatoleptes Roewer, 1930, and Tribunosoma Roewer, 1943. Two species of Heteropachylus Roewer, 1913, Heteropachylus ramphonotus sp. nov. and Heteropachylus gracilis sp. nov., from Bahia and Espírito Santo Brazilian states, are newly described. Heteropachylus is considered a senior synonym of Chavesincola Soares, 1946 and Aesotrinoma H. Soares, 1977. A new genus is also described for a new species from Bahia and Espírito Santo Brazilian states, Magnispina neptunus gen. et sp. nov. Lectotypes are designated for the following species: Pseudopucrolia incerta (Mello-Leitão, 1928) comb. nov., Pseudopucrolia discrepans (Roewer, 1943) comb.nov., Pseudopucrolia rugosa (Roewer, 1930) comb. nov., Heteropachylus inexpectabilis (Soares & Soares, 1946) comb. nov. and Heteropachylus spiniger Roewer, 1913.

Comprising more than 6500 species, Opiliones is the third most diverse order of Arachnida, after the megadiverse Acari and Araneae. The database referred here is part 1 of 12 of a project containing an intended worldwide checklist of species and subspecies of Opiliones as Darwin Core archives, and it includes the superfamilies Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea. These two superfamilies are often treated together under the denomination of Insidiatores. In this Part 1, a total of 571 species and subspecies are listed. Briggsidae and Cladonychiidae are both downgraded to subfamilies of Travuniidae. Peltonychia Roewer, 1935 is an available name and senior synonym of Hadziana Roewer, 1935 and is herein revalidated. Seven genera of Triaenonychidae described by Lawrence between 1931 and 1933 originally failed to comply ICZN rules for availability (Art. 13.3). All of them only became available when Staręga (1992) designated a type species for each. Therefore, the correct authorships of Austromontia Lawrence, 1931, Biacumontia Lawrence, 1931, Graemontia Lawrence, 1931, Larifugella Lawrence, 1933, Mensamontia Lawrence, 1931, Monomontia Lawrence, 1931 and Rostromontia Lawrence, 1931 are all Staręga, 1992. Fumontana Shear, 1977, originally referred only to subfamily Triaenonychinae (as opposed to Soerensenellinae then and not corresponding to present Triaenonychinae), not to any tribe (which in turn correspond to modern subfamilies) is herein included in the subfamily Triaenonychinae. Picunchenops Maury, 1988 originally not included in any tribe of Triaenonychidae, is herein included in the subfamily Triaenonychinae. Trojanella Karaman, 2005, originally ranked as Travunioidea incertae sedis, is herein included in the Travuniidae Travuniinae. Nuncia ovata Roewer, 1915 (synonymized with Triaenonyx cockayni Hogg, 1920 by Forster (1954), but with inverted precedence) is here combined as Nuncia coriacea ovata Roewer, 1915 as correct senior synonym instead of Nuncia coriacea cockayni (Hogg, 1920), which is current in the literature. Neonuncia enderbei (Hogg, 1909) is reaffirmed as the correct spelling for the species, while the deliberate change to Neonuncia enderbyi by Forster (1954) is an incorrect subsequent spelling.

The “World Catalogue of Opiliones” (WCO) is a collaborative effort to comprehensively index the Earth’s species of harvestmen. This paper announces one component of the WCO, “WCO-Lite” a website available at https://wcolite.com/. WCO-Lite provides a graphic user interface for a second component of the WCO, “Opiliones of the World”, a database on the taxonomy of the harvestmen curated in TaxonWorks (TW). WCO-Lite interfaces include: (1) a checklist of all valid taxa of the arachnid Opiliones, exhaustive up to December 2018; (2) a taxonomic tree; (3) a search engine comprising two modules; and (4) a counter of species diversity for each taxon. An e-Book companion was launched simultaneously with WCO-Lite version 1.1 on September 12, 2020 to account for the formal publication of mandatory nomenclatural changes and availability of taxonomic names. The collective components of the WCO are also being summarized in a forthcoming conventional paper-form catalogue, currently in manuscript stage.

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Among the 64 genera of Triaenonychinae Sørensen 1886 (Opiliones, Insidiatores), two are found in more than one continent: Ceratomontia Roewer 1915 and Nuncia Loman 1902, both occurring in South America, the former occurring also in South Africa, the latter in New Zealand. Until now there were 22 valid species of Ceratomontia, diagnosed mainly by the tarsal formula. In the present paper, a cladistic analysis was performed to test the monophyly of Ceratomontia and study its relationship with the South African triaenonychine genera Austromontia Lawrence 1931 and Monomontia Lawrence 1931. A total of 42 morphological characters were coded for 18 terminal taxa, 14 representing the genera Ceratomontia (from South America and South Africa), Austromontia and Monomontia as ingroup, and two species of Triaenonychinae from South America, one from South Africa and one Adaeinae Pocock 1902 from South Africa as outgroups. The analysis using heuristic search algorithms resulted in 12 most parsimonious trees (L 5 95, CI 5 0.52, RI 5 0.66). The consensus hypothesis did not recover a monophyletic Ceratomontia, instead, the South African species constitute a clade with the Austromontia and Monomontia species. The Ceratomontia species from South America form a clade that is sister-group of the clade formed by the South African genera of the ingroup. The result shows that Ceratomontia is involved in a ''Gondwanan relationship,'' but also includes other genera, suggesting that it is not a monophyletic group.

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