Research has suggested that there are benefits to socially sharing anger as an emotion regulation strategy. We hypothesized that these benefits may depend on the frequency with which one is experiencing anger. We used an experience sampling methodology to explore the interaction between frequency of anger and reliance on social expression of anger as a predictor of changes in depression symptoms 4 months later. We found that a strong reliance on social expression prospectively predicted lower depression symptoms when participants endorsed anger infrequently but predicted an increase in subsequent depression symptoms when anger was endorsed frequently. This interaction was specific to anger and did not extend to sadness or anxiety. These results highlight the importance of considering the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies in the context of specific emotions and the frequency of the experienced emotion in everyday life. (PsycINFO Database Record

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The present study examined the role of sleep in daily affective stress recovery processes in adolescents. Eighty-nine American adolescents recorded their emotions and stress through daily surveys and sleep with Fitbit devices for two weeks. Results show that objectively measured sleep (sleep onset latency and sleep debt) moderated negative affective responses to previous-day stress, such that stress-related negative affect spillover effects became more pronounced as amount of sleep decreased. Total sleep time and sleep debt moderated cross-day positive affect "bounce-back" effects. With more sleep, morning positive affect on days following high stress tended to bounce back to the levels that were common following low stress days. Conversely, if sleep was short following high stress days, positive affect remained low the next morning. No evidence for subjective sleep quality as a moderator of spillover/bounce-back effects was found. This research suggests that sleep quantity could relate to overnight affective stress recovery.Adolescence is a developmental period that is notorious for insufficient sleep (Carskadon, 2011). Given the importance of sleep on virtually all aspects of emotional processing (Kahn, Sheppes, & Sadeh, 2013;Palmer & Alfano, 2017), it seems likely that sleep, either duration or quality, could play a part in emotional recovery from daily stress for adolescents. It is important to understand processes of stress recovery because stress is an inevitable aspect of life and the ability to "bounce back" (i.e., recover) from it has important implications for overall emotional well-being (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2004). Research on recovery from daily stressors has largely focused on negative affect spillover effects from one day to the next (Bolger & Zuckerman, 1995;Gunthert, Cohen, Butler, & Beck, 2007;Marco & Suls, 1993). However, few researchers have investigated daily-level processes that might relate to everyday fluctuations in stress recovery, such as sleep. In this study, we investigated the role of daily sleep on stress recovery among adolescents. Sleep in adolescentsA majority of adolescents do not receive enough sleep (National Sleep Foundation, 2014). Although sleep experts recommend that adolescents sleep for 8-10 h a night, about 70% of adolescents sleep less than 8 h a night, and a large proportion get substantially less than 8 h. Average sleep duration decreases from 8.4 h per night in sixth grade to 6.9 h in 12th grade (Hirshkowitz et al., 2015; Paruthi et al., 2016).To a large extent, inadequate sleep in teenagers can be attributed to a confluence of biological and social changes that delay

Irritability is a transdiagnostic symptom dimension in developmental psychopathology, closely related to the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) construct of frustrative nonreward. Consistent with the RDoC framework and calls for transdiagnostic, developmentally-sensitive assessment methods, we report data from a smartphone-based, naturalistic ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study of irritability. We assessed 109 children and adolescents (Mage = 12.55 years; 75.20% male) encompassing several diagnostic groups – disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders (ANX), healthy volunteers (HV). The participants rated symptoms three times per day for 1 week. Compliance with the EMA protocol was high. As tested using multilevel modeling, EMA ratings of irritability were strongly and consistently associated with in-clinic, gold-standard measures of irritability. Further, EMA ratings of irritability were significantly related to subjective frustration during a laboratory task eliciting frustrative nonreward. Irritability levels exhibited an expected graduated pattern across diagnostic groups, and the different EMA items measuring irritability were significantly associated with one another within all groups, supporting the transdiagnostic phenomenology of irritability. Additional analyses utilized EMA ratings of anxiety as a comparison with respect to convergent validity and transdiagnostic phenomenology. The results support new measurement tools that can be used in future studies of irritability and frustrative nonreward.

Background Adults with serious mental illness (SMI) may struggle with expectations of failure in vocational rehabilitation. These expectations can be global and trait-like or performance-specific and related to ability. Aims To date, it has not been examined whether global or performance-specific defeatist beliefs are related to functional outcomes. Method The Indianapolis Vocational Intervention Program (IVIP) is a CBT intervention used to address expectations of failure and improve work performance. We examined the relationships between defeatist beliefs, self-esteem, social functioning, and work behaviors in 54 adults with SMI who completed IVIP within a work therapy program. Results Baseline work-specific defeatist beliefs were related to baseline self-esteem, employment attitude, and work behaviors. Decline in work-specific defeatist beliefs was associated with better social functioning, self-esteem, and work behaviors. Decline in global defeatist beliefs was only associated with improvements in social functioning. Conclusions Performance-specific expectations about work may be an appropriate therapeutic target to enhance work outcome in SMI.