Winter wheat parents ‘Harry’ (drought tolerant) and ‘Wesley’ (drought susceptible) were used to develop a recombinant inbred population with future goals of identifying genomic regions associated with drought tolerance. To precisely map genomic regions, high-density linkage maps are a prerequisite. In this study genotyping-by- sequencing (GBS) was used to construct the high-density linkage map. The map contained 3,641 markers distributed on 21 chromosomes and spanned 1,959 cM with an average distance of 1.8 cM between markers. The constructed linkage map revealed strong collinearity in marker order across 21 chromosomes with POPSEQ-v2.0, which was based on a high-density linkage map. The reliability of the linkage map for QTL mapping was demonstrated by co-localizing the genes to previously mapped genomic regions for two highly heritable traits, chaff color, and leaf cuticular wax. Applicability of linkage map for QTL mapping of three quantitative traits, flag leaf length, width, and area, identified 21 QTLs in four environments, and QTL expression varied across the environments. Two major stable QTLs, one each for flag leaf length (Qfll.hww-7A) and flag leaf width (Qflw.hww-5A) were identified. The map constructed will facilitate QTL and fine mapping of quantitative traits, map-based cloning, comparative mapping, and in marker-assisted wheat breeding endeavors.

Restoring soil carbon (C) lost due to intensive farming is a long-term endeavor under current conservation management practices. Application of coal combustion residue (293 g C kg −1) from a sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) processing factory, hereafter referred to as char, could rapidly restore soil C and productivity in degraded croplands, but data on this potential strategy are unavailable. We assessed the impacts of char application to two relatively low-C soils (10.1 and 12.2 g C kg −1) and one relatively high-C soil (17.3 g C kg −1) on soil C, soil physical and fertility properties, and crop yields in no-till systems in the Great Plains after 2 yr. Char was disked to 15 cm soil depth at char-C application rates ranging from 0 to 19.7 Mg C ha −1 , corresponding to char application rates ranging from 0 to 67.3 Mg ha −1. The highest char rate increased C concentration in all soils but increased C stock only in low-C soils. Char did not affect soil penetration resistance, available water, aggregate stability, most nutrients, and crop yields. Char application at high rates increased sulfate, Ca, Mg, and Na concentrations but did not influence other properties. Carbon recovery of the char applied at the highest rate varied among soils from 50 to 85%, but the mechanisms for such differences need further investigation. Short-term duration, low char C concentration, and low application rates may explain the limited char effects. Overall, char application at 19.7 Mg char-C ha −1 (i.e., 67.3 Mg char ha −1) increased soil C concentration but had negligible effects on other soil properties and crop yields after 2 yr. 1 INTRODUCTION Intensively tilled soils coupled with crop-fallow systems in semiarid regions such as those in the U.S. Great Plains Abbreviations: CEC, cation exchange capacity; HighC, high-carbon soil at the Sidney site; LowC1, low-carbon soil at the Scottsbluff site; LowC2, low-carbon soil at the Sidney site.

For hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to be successful in the Great Plains, goodquality hybrid seed production must be reliable, and hybrid yield must exceed best commercial inbred cultivars (commercial heterosis). This research evaluates hybrid wheat cultivars developed from a full diallel of 26 parents that were planted in an augmented design at three locations in Nebraska in each of two years. The effects of using chemical hybridization were evaluated by testing the parents against hybrids that were created as full-sib crosses and showed no detrimental effects of the chemical hybridization method on the hybrid performance. Maternal effects were tested by comparing the reciprocals for each combination of parents, where it was shown that reciprocal effects were of minor importance. General and specific combining abilities and narrow-sense heritability were obtained and are being used to select parents for future hybrid combinations.

Hybrid wheat (Triticum spp.) has the potential to boost yields and enhance production under changing climates to feed the growing global population. Production of hybrid wheat seed relies on male sterility, the blocking of pollen production, to prevent self-pollination. One method of preventing self-pollination in the female plants is to apply a chemical hybridizing agent (CHA). However, some combinations of CHA and genotypes have lower levels of sterility, resulting in decreased hybrid purity. Differences in CHA efficacy are a challenge in producing hybrid wheat lines for commercial and experimental use. Our primary research questions were to estimate the levels of sterility for wheat genotypes treated with a CHA and determine the best way to analyze differences. We applied the CHA sintofen (1-(4-chlorphyl)-1,4-dihydro-5-(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-oxocinnoline-3-carboxylic acid; Croisor 100) to 27 genotypes in replicate. After spraying, we counted seed in bagged female heads to evaluate CHA efficacy and CHA-by-genotype interaction. Using logit and probit models with a threshold of 7 seeds, we found differences among genotypes in 2015. Sterility was higher in 2016 and fewer genotypic differences were found. When CHA-induced sterilization is less uniform as in 2015, zero-inflated and hurdle count models were superior to standard mixed models. These models calculate mean seed number and fit data with limit-bounded scales collected by agronomists and plant breeders to compare genotypic differences. These analyses can assist in selecting parents and identifying where additional optimization of CHA application needs to occur. There is little work in the literature examining the relationship between CHAs and genotypes, making this work fundamental to the future of hybrid wheat breeding.

Low grain protein in hard red winter (HRW) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a serious challenge for rainfed wheat growers, particularly in years with elevated grain yield.Proper nitrogen (N) management with adequate N rate and application timing is critical for optimizing grain yield and protein content. This 2-yr experiment evaluated the effects of different N rates and application timings (fall, spring, and split) on grain yield and protein of two HRW wheat cultivars. Field studies were conducted at four different sites across Nebraska under rainfed conditions in 2018/2019 (Year 1) and 2019/2020 (Year 2). A split-plot randomized complete block design with wheat cultivars as the whole plots and factorial combinations of six N rates and three application timings as the subplots was used in four replications. Grain yield was associated positively and grain protein negatively with the water supply to demand ratio (WS/WD) in the season. Freeman cultivar yielded better in a year with higher WS/WD and a newly developed cultivar, Ruth, yielded better in a lower WS/WD year. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased grain yield in the site-years with moderately higher WS/WD. There was an increase in grain protein with increasing N rates at all siteyears. Spring and split-applied N resulted in better grain yield than fall application in the site-year when there was a risk of N loss. This experiment suggested that an effective N management strategy for winter wheat should account for and be adaptable to weather variability to optimize grain yield and protein content.

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Hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) offers potential yield advantages over conventional inbred cultivars. For hybrid wheat to be a commercial success, the cost to produce the hybrid seed needs to be minimized. Although wheat is naturally self‐pollinated, hybrid wheat seed production can be improved by increasing the amount and availability of pollen for cross‐pollination. This research examined 19 pollination traits using the Hard Winter Wheat Association Mapping Panel for 3 years. Anther extrusion, pollen 50 date (date at which a genotype has 50% of spikes pollinating), plant height, and pollination duration (last spike pollen 50 date minus first spike pollen 50 date) were identified as the most important traits for hybrid seed production. Anther extrusion, plant height, and pollen 50 date varied widely among genotypes, while pollination duration had significant genotypic differences in one year of testing. These traits also had significant genotype × year interactions, but better and poorer performers were consistent among years. Anther extrusion was weakly, negatively correlated with plant height, and high anther extrusion semi‐dwarf genotypes were identified. Pollination duration was reduced in a high temperature (>30°C) environment, and genotypic differences in pollination duration were identified only in a milder temperature (24°C) environment. Hierarchical clustering suggested that excellent pollinator genotypes with high anther extrusion and longer pollination duration tended to pollinate early and were of short to moderate stature. Pollination traits were higher when temperatures were mild, which benefited early genotypes because they pollinated before higher temperatures limited their pollination duration.

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