BackgroundTh1 cytokines are essential for the control of M. tuberculosis infection. The role of IL-10 in tuberculosis is controversial and there is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that the relationship between Th1 cytokines and IL-10 is not as antagonistic as it was first believed, and that these cytokines may complement each other in infectious diseases.MethodsThe present study evaluated the activating capacity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell repertoire in response to antigen stimulation through the expression of CD69 using Flow Cytometry, as well as the functionality of PBMCs by determining the cytokine profile in patients with active tuberculosis and in clinically cured patients after in vitro stimulation using ELISA. Treated patients were subdivided according to time after clinical cure (<12 months or >12 months post-treatment).ResultsWe observed that T cell activation was higher in TB-treated patients, especially CD8+ T cell activation in TB-Treated >1 year. Th1 cytokines were significantly higher in TB-Treated, and the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α increased continuously after clinical cure. Moreover, IL-10 production was significantly higher in cured patients and it was also enhanced in cured patients over time after treatment. Th17, Th2 and Th22 cytokines showed no statistically significant differences between Healthy Donors, Active-TB and TB-Treated.ConclusionsThis study describes a scenario in which potentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation and increased Th1 cytokine production are associated with the clinical cure of tuberculosis in the absence of significant changes in Th2 cytokine production and is accompanied by increased production of IL-10. In contrast to other infections with intracellular microorganisms, this response occurs later after the end of treatment.
Among the filarial species that infect non-human primates are the genus Dipetalonema and subgenus Mansonella (Tetrapetalonema) parasites of the thoracic-abdominal cavities and subcutaneous tissue, respectively, which are transmitted by arthropod vectors of the genus Culicoides and Simulium. 1 Clinical cases of disseminated microfilariae in humans caused by Mansonella and Wuchereria bancrofti describe larvae found in different organs, such as the liver, lymph nodes, kidneys, ovaries, and brain. 2 In non-human primates, microfilariae infection has only been observed in blood circulation. 3 In this study, for the first time, we revealed a hyperinfection with the dissemination of microfilariae in thoracic and abdominal organs and adult filariae (Dipetalonema gracile) in the abdominal and thoracic cavities of Saimiri sciureus and Saguinus niger in free living. | MATERIAL S AND ME THODSIn August 2022, the Triage and Rehabilitation Center for Wild Animals of the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, received two adult male primates of the species S. sciureus and S. niger. These individuals had died as a consequence of road killed in the peri-urban region of the Municipality of Marituba (latitude 1°38′26″; longitude 48°38′22″), State of Pará, Brazil. The necroscopic examination was performed and samples of adult parasites and tissues (small and large intestine, kidney, lung, heart, liver, brain, pancreas, and spleen) were collected, fixed in 10% formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological examination. In addition, blood smears were performed to observe microfilariae. The investigation obtained approval from the Ethics Committee in Research with the Evandro Chagas Institute (CEPAN-IEC), protocol number 0007/2004.
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