Watershed is an ecosystem area bordered by topographic pattern and serves as serves as a collector, storage and distributor of water, sediments, pollutants and nutrients in the river system and throughout by a single outlet. The high of population growth led to greater land use change. This research aimed to identify land cover classes and land cover change in Besitang watershed between 1990, 2005 and 2015. This research used Landsat 5 imagery in 1990 and 2005, and Landsat 8 imagery in 2015 with supervised classification using method maximum likelihood classifier. The result showed that there were 12 classes of land cover in the Besitang watershed, they were primary forest, secondary forest, mangrove forest, scrub, rubber plantations, oil palm plantations, dry land agriculture, bare land, settlement, fishpond and water body. The largest area of land cover area is primary forest covering an area of 38,542.43 hectares (39.94%) in 1990, 34,279.16 hectares (35.52%) in 2005, and 34,620.41 hectares (35.88%) in 2015. The largest area of land cover change between 1990 until 2005 is mangrove forest to fishpond with covering an area of 2,364.21 hectares change. While the largest area of land cover change between 2005 until 2015 is mangrove forest to oil palm plantation with covering an area of 1,016.82 hectares changes.
The Special Region of Yogyakarta is one of the areas that experienced a fairly high population growth rate and is directly proportional to the rate of development which has an impact on land use, especially in Tambakbayan watershed. This study aims to identify the types of land use that affected water quality of the Tambakbayan River using spatiotemporal analysis and Pearson correlation methods. Land use in Tambakbayan watershed is divided into three segments which are vegetation (VA), agriculture (AG), and building (BU). This study used water quality data from the Environmental Agency of Yogyakarta Province which consists of 14 parameters, i.e., pH, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, nitrate, nitrite, total phosphate, Zn, Cu, Pb, E. coli, and total coli. Landsat 8 image data from 2013 to 2020 is used from USGS. The result of this study found that vegetation has no correlation on Tambakbayan River water quality. However, agriculture and building areas significantly affected the decreasing water quality of the Tambakbayan River.
In any market structure, potential competition violations arising from merger, consolidation, and acquisition (M&A) activities cannot be completely avoided. This holds true for digital markets that involve multi-sided markets, network effects, and significant consumer data. The intricate nature of the digital market poses a challenge for competition authorities in effectively monitoring M&A transactions between digital companies. A notable example is the GoTo merger, which is set to become the largest digital company in Southeast Asia. To address this issue, this legal research aims to discuss the legal implications of the current notification policy based on Law No. 5 of 1999 by conducting contextual research on digital market operations and studying previous violations committed by foreign digital companies. This research follows a normative legal research approach, employing statutory, conceptual, and case analysis to address the problem formulation. The findings indicate that digital companies possess various possibilities to violate competition law, including monopolistic practices and unfair business competition, if the existing post-merger notification policy remains in place. As many countries are already grappling with complex issues such as data ownership thresholds, Indonesia is taking its initial steps towards implementing changes to its merger policy. By adopting a pre-merger notification policy as a reporting obligation, Indonesia will enable the Commission for the Supervision of Business Competition (KPPU) to assess M&A transactions more effectively and provide legal certainty for businesses regarding the lawfulness of their M&A activities.
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