Objectives: Obesity is a primary public health concern in Saudi Arabia. The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected people's lives, putting considerable pressure on children and adolescents, leading to psychological problems. Therefore, we aimed to assess obesity's psychological and behavioral impact among children and adolescents before and during the COVID-19 lockdown in Jeddah. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the pediatric endocrine outpatient clinic at King Abdulaziz University Hospital(KAUH). The sample included 360 participants. Data were collected through clinical interviews by telecommunication from April to June 2020. Demographic factors and answers to questions about behavior, feelings, and daily life (pre and during home quarantine) were assessed against the participants’ body mass index (BMI) and reported daily life difficulties. The BMI standard deviation was calculated based on the Center of Disease Control and Prevention standards. Results: Compared to other groups, a significantly higher percentage of overweight/obese participants reported low self-confidence (22.1%), 61.7% reported that their friends or family rarely bullied or picked on them and 66.4% reported that the people who they lived with rarely made fun of or bullied them due to their weight before home quarantine. Conclusion: Children with a higher BMI reported lower self-confidence than their average weight peers before home quarantine. However, a higher BMI did not increase the risk of being bullied by family members and friends. The majority of the participants changed for the worse in every research aspect during quarantine.
Membranous nephropathy is one of the most common causes of nondiabetic adults' nephrotic syndrome. It accounts for up to 30% of nephrotic syndrome cases in Caucasian adults. It can manifest as a primary or secondary disease, but primary is considered more common. The disease has a waxing and waning clinical course and indolent progress, and immunosuppressive treatment is deemed the mainstay therapy for promoting remission. Although there has been advancement in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease, it still requires further research. We aimed to review the literature to promote the understanding of membranous nephropathy. We reviewed the literature for membranous nephropathy; pathogenesis, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Articles were chosen from the PubMed database, and selected studies were subjected to a thorough review. Membranous nephropathy is one of the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome in nondiabetic adults. The clinical course of this disease is waxing and waning and has indolent progression. Despite the improvement in diagnostic approaches and treatment options, it remains an active field for diagnostic and pharmacological research.
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