Consistent with previous studies, elevated free intracellular calcium ion concentrations ([Ca2+]i) were found in blood platelets and lymphocytes of patients with mania and bipolar depression. Incubation with an ultrafiltrate of plasma from patients with bipolar illness had no effect on intracellular calcium ion concentration in platelets from normal subjects, suggesting that elevated [Ca2+]i is not due to a circulating factor. As was true in an earlier study of the effect of lithium on platelets, incubation with therapeutic levels of carbamazepine lowered [Ca2+]i in lymphocytes from affectively ill patients but not controls. Increased [Ca2+]i in peripheral cells may reflect a diffuse change in cellular homeostasis and may contribute to mixtures as well as rapid alternations of activity of affective, behavioral and physiologic systems in bipolar illness. Correction of the abnormality may at least be a marker of a relevant therapeutic action if it is not the action itself.
Jordan has worked to manage irrigation with wastewater for several decades. Since the early 1980s the general approach has been to treat the wastewater and either discharge it to the environment where it mixes with freshwater flows and is indirectly reused downstream, or to use the resulting effluent to irrigate restricted, relatively low-value crops. Given the diminishing per capita freshwater supply, the increasing dominance of effluent in the water balance, the overloading of wastewater treatment plants, local riparian water rights, and the need to protect domestic and export produce markets, effectively managing water reuse, including enforcement of existing regulations, has become increasingly challenging. Jordan is in the process of rehabilitating and expanding its wastewater treatment plants, and exploring options for smaller communities. Reclaimed water, appropriately managed, is viewed as a major component of the water resources supply to meet the needs of a growing economy. Appropriate standards and guidelines for water reuse are an important requirement. The previous water reuse standards were reviewed, a working framework developed, stakeholder participation sought and input provided to the formal process for adopting the new standards. The revised standards allow for a wide range of water reuse activities including, where economic conditions allow, highly treated reclaimed water for landscapes and high-value crops, and for lower cost smaller-scale treatment and reuse activities with restricted cropping patterns.
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