The provision of nanoparticles using biogenic material as a part of green chemistry is an attractive nanotechnology. The current research aimed to test the antimicrobial and cytotoxic efficacy of silver nanoparticles synthesized by extracts of Phoenix dactylifera, Ferula asafetida, and Acacia nilotica as reductant and stabilizing agents in silver nanoparticle formation. Synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) using an agar well diffusion assay. Furthermore, cytotoxic ability was investigated against LoVo cells. The potential phyto-constituents of plant extracts were identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and zeta potential analyzed the size and morphology of the biogenic nanoparticles. The current study revealed the ability of the tested plant extract to convert silver ions to silver nanoparticles with an average size that ranged between 67.8 ± 0.3 and 155.7 ± 1.5 nm in diameter. Biogenic AgNPs showed significant antibacterial ability (10 to 32 mm diameter) and anticancer ability against a LoVo cell with IC50 ranged between 35.15–56.73 μg/mL. The innovation of the present study is that the green synthesis of NPs, which is simple and cost effective, provides stable nano-materials and can be an alternative for the large-scale synthesis of silver nanoparticles.
Kuwait Oil Company conducted a 4DVSP steam flood monitoring program in a heavy oil field to help optimize development options. The baseline survey for this 4DVSP was acquired in January 2016 and the monitor survey was acquired in January 2017. The key objectives for this reservoir surveillance project include acquiring a repeatable baseline survey; image two vertically stacked thin reservoir units, perform characterization to understand reservoir complexity and lateral barriers, and estimate the steam chest size (sometimes referred to as a steam chamber) after 30 days of steam injection. The 3DVSP survey took less than a week with rigless acquisition only during daylight hours. The survey area was fairly congested with infrastructure making it difficult to manoeuvre between source positions easily. To tackle this, two groups of vibrators were used with a source driven acquisition technique. This meant much of the acquisition process was automated providing better efficiency and reducing human error. The resulting data was processed and imaged with proprietary 3DVSP Kirchhoff depth migration algorithms. Due to an innovative acquisition design, output frequencies were 30% higher than achieved in previous VSPs or seismic data in the area. Velocity models were derived using the zero offset VSP data and a geomodel was derived from well data. The migration was sampled at dX/dY/dZ values of one meter each to help create a high resolution image. Synthetic seismograms from well logs and corridor stacks from the zero offset VSP were used to accurately tie the well data to the 3DVSP volume. This data volume was mapped using seismic workstations and amplitude anomalies were obvious around the steam injected well making possible the mapping of the steam chest. Deterministic inversions from this data help identify facies changes and channels explaining the direction and pathways of the steam flow. In summary, each of the goals for this project was achieved. The two thin reservoir units and the top sealing shale were resolved while inversions were very beneficial for reservoir characterization and understanding facies changes. The steam chest was easily discernable and its volume was calculated. These results justified the first ever 4DVSP in Kuwait which was acquired in January 2017. Ultimately, knowing where the steam fronts travel, where lateral barriers divert the steam, and how quickly it moves will help to optimize the development plans for the best possible EOR effectiveness and recovery rate improvement.
Kuwait Oil Company conducted a geophysical surveillance program to optimize development options in a shallow heavy oil field in Kuwait. Two optimized 3D Vertical Seismic Profiles (3DVSPs) were acquired in January 2016 to help understand the effectiveness of this EOR project. Goals of this project included acquiring repeatable baseline surveys for 4DVSP surveys, attaining high resolution 3DVSP data, imaging the sealing cap rock shale and two thin vertically stacked reservoirs, and estimating the steam chamber size just after a 30-day steam injection cycle. One major problem with recording shallow VSP data is the possibility of spatial aliasing due to the slow propagation velocities of P and S waves affecting the ability to achieve desired frequency range. Therefore extensive pre-survey modeling was required in order to determine the optimum source-receiver configuration. The team decided on innovative survey parameters purposely designed to obtain higher frequencies than previously attained in this area to improve the vertical and spatial resolution sufficient to achieve the project goals listed above. The resulting two 3DVSP datasets were then processed and imaged using a patented vector pre-stack Kirchhoff depth migration. Inversion work and qualitative interpretation were then applied to both data volumes to help achieve all the desired goals. Extensive planning and flawless execution of the two-well 3DVSP operation resulted in the completion of both survey acquisitions in a total of 13 days without incurring any QHSE incidents and having 100% operating efficiency. Frequencies obtained in these surveys were more than 30% higher than previously achieved in this same area. These high frequencies resulted in vertical resolution sufficient to image the sealing shale layer and both of the steam injected reservoir sands as well as the necessary spatial resolution to image a small steam chamber. The novel modelling, acquisition and processing/interpretation methodology described have demonstrated that accurate subsurface imaging in this environment is achievable. The results have contributed to and altered the steam flood expectations and will provide key information that would not otherwise have been available to develop the best development options. Additional 3D and 4DVSPs are currently being acquired. Extensive modeling enabled innovative customization of an innovative acquisition design, optimized acquisition operations, parallel processing, and interpretation techniques have allowed for a time efficient acquisition-to-results turnaround.
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