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Calls for a global food system transformation and finding more sustainable ways of producing healthier, safe and nutritious food for all have spurred production approaches such as sustainable intensification and biofortification with limited consideration of the copious amounts of orphan crops, traditional varieties and wild edible species readily available in many countries, mostly in and around smallholder farmers’ fields. This paper explores the potential role of locally available; affordable and climate-resilient orphan crops, traditional varieties and wild edible species to support local food system transformation. Evidence from Brazil, Kenya, Guatemala, India, Mali, Sri Lanka and Turkey is used to showcase a three-pronged approach that aims to: (i) increase evidence of the nutritional value and biocultural importance of these foods, (ii) better link research to policy to ensure these foods are considered in national food and nutrition security strategies and actions, and (iii) improve consumer awareness of the desirability of these alternative foods so that they may more easily be incorporated in diets, food systems and markets. In the seven countries, this approach has brought about positive changes around increasing community dietary diversity and increasing market opportunities for smallholder growers, as well as increased attention to biodiversity conservation.

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Il est couramment admis que la sécheresse en Afrique de l'Ouest a entraîné l'adoption par les paysans de variétés de sorgho plus précoces que les cultivars traditionnels. Pour mesurer l'évolution récente du cycle des sorghos du Mali, nous avons étudié la phénologie de deux collections de variétés locales prospectées à 20 ans d'intervalle en 1978 et en 2000. Les dates de début et de fin de saison des pluies ont été calculées pour tous les villages échantillonnés. La sensibilité des cultivars à la photopériode a été mesurée à l'aide d'un essai comportant deux dates de semis. Un modèle permet d'étudier l'adaptation des variétés au climat en tenant compte de la latitude et du régime des pluies de leurs zones d'origines. Le déficit pluviométrique n'a pas entraîné un raccourcissement important des cycles végétatifs. En 20 ans, le cycle moyen des cultivars locaux s'est raccourci de 5 jours. Pour des latitudes inférieures à 14°N, la grande majorité des cultivars sont photopériodiques, la floraison des variétés se produit dans les 20 jours qui précèdent la date moyenne de fin de la saison des pluies. Ce caractère permet d'optimiser l'alimentation en eau des cultures et d'éviter de nombreuses contraintes biotiques. Pour des latitudes supérieures ou égales à 14°N, la floraison moyenne coïncide avec la fin de saison. On note la présence simultanée de variétés tardives et précoces. Dans ces régions, la culture du sorgho dépend moins de la pluviométrie car les systèmes traditionnels valorisent des situations diversifiées et les reports d'eau sur les toposéquences. Cette diversité des cycles contribue à sécuriser la production agricole en zone aride. Ce travail permet de guider les programmes de sélection dans la définition d'idéotypes spécifiquement adaptés à la gamme d'environnements climatiques rencontrés dans la région. Abstract Adaptation of Malian sorghums to climate variability

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As the effects of climate change are severely straining West African agricultural systems, the adoption of more incisive interventions in support of sustainable development agendas for the region is highly critical and cannot be further delayed by governments. Neglected and underutilized species (NUS) are one important ally in pursuing resilience in both production and food systems because of their promising traits in terms of nutrition, adaptation to local agroecosystems, and economic potential for local populations. Focusing on fonio, a gluten-free traditional cereal, and Bambara groundnut, a protein-rich leguminous crop, we investigate issues in their production, commercialization, and consumption in southern Mali. The aim was to assess needs and opportunities for improving their value chains and increasing their use and societal benefits. Using a Rapid Market Appraisal method, we surveyed traders, producers, processors, and consumers of target crops in 2017 and 2018. Our findings indicate that while both crops are consumed and praised by local populations, critical bottlenecks inhibit their wider socioeconomic potential. Lack of access to inputs and equipment and presence of sand in the commercialized product are important issues for fonio, whereas the Bambara groundnut value chain suffers from poor processing facilities and lack of market promotion. Policy recommendations to tackle the identified bottlenecks are proposed.

Potato peels consist of a tissue called phellem, which is formed by suberized cell layers. The degradation of suberin, a lipidic and recalcitrant polymer, is an ecological process attributed to soil fungal populations; however, previous studies have suggested that Streptomyces scabiei, the causal agent of potato common scab, possesses the ability to degrade suberin. In the present study, S. scabiei was grown in medium containing suberin-enriched potato phellem as the sole carbon source and its secretome was analyzed periodically (10- to 60-d-old cultures) with a special focus on proteins potentially involved in cell wall degradation. Although the amount and diversity of proteins linked to polysaccharide degradation remained high throughout the experiment, their abundance decreased over time. In contrast, proteins dedicated to lipid metabolism represented a small fraction of the secretome; however, their abundance increased during the experiment. The lipolytic enzymes detected may be involved in the degradation of the aliphatic fraction of suberin because the results of optical and transmission electron microscopy examinations revealed a loss in the integrity of suberized tissues exposed to S. scabiei cells. Chemical analyses identified a time period in which the concentration of aliphatic compounds in potato phellem decreased and the sugar concentration increased; at the end of the 60-d incubation period, the sugar concentration in potato phellem was significantly reduced. This study demonstrated the ability of S. scabiei to degrade the aliphatic portion of suberin.