The aim of this study was to determine the multi-mycotoxin occurrence in cereal and oilseed products most consumed in Côte d'Ivoire. A total of 238 samples of rice (88 produced locally or imported), maize (79, cracked or flour) and peanut paste (71) were collected in the main markets of Abidjan, Bouaké and Korhogo. An UHPLC-MS/MS method allowed the analysis of 77 mycotoxins. All the peanut paste samples were contaminated by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) with 99% exceeding the EU limits of 2 µg.kg-1 for AFB1 and 4 µg.kg-1 for total aflatoxins (AFT: B1+B2+G1+G2), and concentrations reaching up to 4535 µg.kg-1 (AFB1) and 8094 µg.kg-1 (AFT). Maize (96%) and rice (57%) samples were also contaminated by AFB1 with 58% and 24% respectively above the EU limits and maximum levels of 80 µg.kg-1 for maize and 14 µg.kg-1 for rice. Only 6% of the cereal samples (3 rice and one maize samples) had ochratoxin A content above the EU limit (3 µg.kg-1). Fumonisins and zearalenone were detected, respectively, in 91% and 8% of the maize samples, and in 18% and 5% of the rice samples but at levels below EU limits. Out of the 238 samples, 91% were contaminated with more than one mycotoxin including EU regulated mycotoxins and/or other mycotoxins mainly beauvericin (79% of the samples), equisetin (71%), aflatoxin M1 (45%), cyclopiazonic acid (32%), fumonisin B3 (29%), sterigmatocystin (24%), citrinin (18%), ochratoxin B (16%) and fusaric acid (15%). The peanut paste samples represented the highest risk to consumer health followed by maize and rice samples.
Several strains of a new aflatoxigenic species of Aspergillus, A. korhogoensis, were isolated in the course of a screening study involving species from section Flavi found contaminating peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) and peanut paste in the Côte d’Ivoire. Based on examination of four isolates, this new species is described using a polyphasic approach. A concatenated alignment comprised of nine genes (ITS, benA, cmdA, mcm7, amdS, rpb1, preB, ppgA, and preA) was subjected to phylogenetic analysis, and resulted in all four strains being inferred as a distinct clade. Characterization of mating type for each strain revealed A. korhogoensis as a heterothallic species, since three isolates exhibited a singular MAT1-1 locus and one isolate exhibited a singular MAT1-2 locus. Morphological and physiological characterizations were also performed based on their growth on various types of media. Their respective extrolite profiles were characterized using LC/HRMS, and showed that this new species is capable of producing B- and G-aflatoxins, aspergillic acid, cyclopiazonic acid, aflavarins, and asparasones, as well as other metabolites. Altogether, our results confirm the monophyly of A. korhogoensis, and strengthen its position in the A. flavus clade, as the sister taxon of A. parvisclerotigenus.
Évaluation des pratiques post récolte favorables à la contamination de l'arachide par les mycotoxines dans trois régions de Côte d'Ivoire.
RESUME L'arachide fait partie des plantes les plus sujettes à la contamination par les aflatoxines depuis le champ, la récolte et même durant le stockage. Cette étude a été conduite avec pour objectif de déterminer les points, facteurs ou sources de contamination par les aflatoxines au cours des pratiques culturales de l'arachide en Côte d'Ivoire. Sur la base d'un questionnaire, des informations sur les producteurs et leurs pratiques culturales ont été collectées dans les régions Centre, Nord et Ouest du pays. Réalisée entièrement par les femmes dont 95,3% n'avait aucun niveau d'étude, la culture de l'arachide diffère d'une région à une autre. Elle se cultive seule (30,2%), en association avec d'autres cultures (maïs sorgho, mil, pistache) (44,2%) ou en rotation (25, 6%). Les dates de semis et de récolte vont de mars à juillet dans le Centre et l'Ouest et de mai à novembre dans le Nord. L'arachide est exposée à diverses attaques par les insectes, les rongeurs, les mauvaises herbes et des maladies qui occasionnent de nombreuses pertes. Les critères de maturité sont l'aspect des feuilles dans le Centre et Nord du pays ou la taille des gousses et l'aspect des feuilles dans le Centre. Le respect des dates de semis, l'utilisation de semis sain, la pratique de la rotation ou l'association des cultures, influence le développement des moisissures et la production des aflatoxines. L'identification des pratiques culturales a permis de montrer leur implication dans la contamination de l'arachide par les aflatoxines.
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