Murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV 4) strain 68 (MHV-68) is a natural pathogen of murid rodents, which serves as hosts to Dermacentor reticulatus ticks. These ticks are known to transmit multiple pathogens, which can cause diseases in humans and animals. Recently, the detection of MHV-68 antibodies in the blood of animals living in the same biotope as virus-infected mice has suggested the role of ticks in pathogen circulation in nature. Herein, to identify MHV-68 in D. reticulatus ticks, DNA samples from 432 adults were collected at two sites in southwestern Slovakia from 2011 to 2014. Samples were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), targeting ORF50 of MHV-68. Ignoring season and locality, we have found 25.9 % of the male and 44.9 % of the female ticks to be positive. Within ticks collected in Vojka, 40 % (125/312) became positive, at a rate of approximately 6.8 times higher in spring than in autumn (66 vs 9.7 %). In addition, in the spring, 1.4 times more females were positive than males. Within ticks collected in Gabčíkovo, 23.3 % (28/120) became positive, with positive females being twice as frequent. The infecting virus was identified by analyzing amplified products via sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses. Using an explantation/co-cultivation procedure, we examined the salivary glands, intestines, and ovaries of five females for live MHV-68. In all organs of two ticks, we identified a virus capable of replication in mammalian cells. This is the first report of MHV-68 detection in D. reticulatus ticks and of a live virus in their organs. Findings encourage further study to determine whether this potential arbovirus, found in salivary glands, is transmissible. It further supports the hypothesis regarding the mediating role of ticks in MHV-68 circulation in nature.
Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) is a natural pathogen of murid rodents, which serve as hosts to Haemaphysalis concinna ticks. The occurrence of MHV-68 was investigated in a total of 47 H. concinna adult ticks collected on the vegetation in Gabčíkovo, situated in southwestern Slovakia (47º54´0´´N, 17º35´0´´E), from May 2013 to May 2014. DNA from ticks was purified and screened by nested PCR targeting ORF50 of MHV-68 and the copy number of virus genome in ticks was determined by a real-time PCR assay specific for ORF65. The MHV-68 incidence in questing ticks was 38.3% (18/47) and the virus genome copy number per tick varied from 2x10 2 to 9.6x10 3. In this study, MHV-68 was documented for the first time in H. concinna ticks. Results expand previous data describing the occurrence of MHV-68 in Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected in Slovakia, supporting the hypothesis that MHV-68 might be a newfound pathogen in ticks.
This paper is focused on the analysis of optical beam deflection by propagation through a matrix model of a turbulent cascade. The technique of turbulent cell modeling with a matrix description of the used optical elements is explained. There are introduced two turbulent models. In the first model, the influence of the position and dimensions of the turbulent cells on the beam deflection is observed. In the second model, the matrix turbulent medium between the transmitter and receiver is matrix-defined due to the data from the analysis of the deflection parameters.
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