Background-The extant literature supports an association between psychological trauma and development of OCD in adults, and this link is a plausible mediator for environment gene interactions leading to phenotypic expression of OCD.
Recently, research in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has expanded to include large family genetic studies, elaboration of phenotypic dimensions, description of co-morbid disorders and their moderating effects on treatment response and outcome, research on immune-based neuropsychiatric causes, randomized controlled trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), randomized controlled trials of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), comparative treatment trials; new approaches in behavior therapy, and increased awareness of newer approaches to treatment. The purpose of this article is to review assessment and treatment strategies to include current advances in research.
Objective
To explore shame and guilt as potential pathways linking recalled emotion socialization (ES) parenting behaviors during childhood with emerging adult outcomes.
Background
Although ES has been associated with youth outcomes, more research is needed to uncover variables that may explain such associations. Additionally, the present study addresses limitations of extant literature by (a) exploring ES within the context of recalled discrete expressions of fear, anger, and sadness; (b) indexing both maternal and paternal ES responses; and (c) considering the possible moderating role of emerging adult gender.
Method
A sample of 206 undergraduate and graduate students completed questionnaires asking them to recall parental ES during childhood and to report on current shame‐ and guilt‐proneness, depressive symptomology, and compassion for others. Following preliminary analyses, path analysis and the Monte Carlo method for assessing indirect effects were used to evaluate the statistical significance of the indirect effects in the path models.
Results
Data suggest that shame and guilt help to explain the associations between certain parental ES practices and emerging adult outcomes. Associations between variables differed when taking into account discrete emotion expressed, parent gender, and participant gender.
Conclusion
Results highlight the complexity of ES processes and the importance of guilt and shame in understanding relations between ES and young adult outcomes. Important associations may be obscured in the ES literature by the common practice of collapsing discrete emotions into global indices and the tendency to primarily investigate mothers' ES practices.
Implications
A more nuanced understanding of ES processes can contribute to the development of targeted and effective ES prevention and intervention programs.
This study addressed limitations of emotion socialization (ES) research and is the first toexplore socialization of positive emotion (PE) in 20 single African American (AA) mothers and their adolescents. Considering the dearth of research on ES with AA adolescents, an inductive, qualitative approach was warranted. A portion of mothers reported elevated depressive symptoms, which is important given their prevalence in AA women and that very few studies of ES have considered parental mental health. Although PE is gaining warranted attention in the scientific community based on recent data linking it to mental and physical health, PE has traditionally been a cornerstone of AA interactional style. The results suggest that AA mothers use complementary and contradictory responses to youth PE, often sharing and expanding, other times diminishing or teaching lessons. The
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.