DOLESCENTS ARE ACKNOWLedged as a population at increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. 1-5 Among adolescents, African American girls are a subgroup at particularly high risk of HIV infection. A seroepidemiologic study of Job Corps applicants reported that HIV prevalence among African American adolescent girls was significantly higher than among their white or Hispanic female peers (4.9 vs 0.7 and 0.6 per 1000, respectively) and exceeds that of white, Hispanic, and African American male adolescents (0.8, 1.5, and 3.2 per 1000, respectively). African American adolescent girls in the South had the highest prevalence (6.4 per 1000) relative to adolescents from other geographic regions. 6 Recent meta-analyses and reviews indicate that theoretically derived and empirically based HIV interventions can Author Affiliations are listed at the end of this article.

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Gender-based violence in the workplace impacts the physical and emotional wellbeing of sex workers and may lead to other health problems, such as PTSD and depression, drug abuse, and a greater likelihood of sexually transmitted infections. This study examines the social context of workplace violence and risk avoidance in the context of legal regulations meant to reduce harms associated with the industry. Ethnographic research, including 18 months of extended field observations and interviews with 190 female sex workers, is used to illustrate how sex workers in Tijuana, Mexico, experience and manage workplace violence. Multiple subthemes emerge from this analysis, including deciding where to work, working with a third party, avoiding theft, and dealing with police. These findings support the idea that the risk of violence is part of a larger "hierarchy of risk" that can result in a "tradeoff" of harms.

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Obesity is recognized as one of the most important underlying risk factors for a wide variety of diseases, including heart disease and diabetes. Women are particularly prone to obesity, and approaches that address life transitions across the life span suggest that a number of factors may converge at passage points, such as menopause, that contribute to weight accumulation in the aging woman. The menopausal phase of a woman's life brings a number of changes that may trigger and maintain weight gain. Although the prevalence of overweight and obesity is attributable to each of these factors, it is most likely the interaction among multiple factors that determines an individual's propensity for excess energy intake, sedentary behavior, patterns of fat distribution, and risk of developing obesity. The problem of weight change and obesity in perimenopausal women is best understood from an ecological perspective that can integrate the analysis of factors across levels, from the culture and built environment of the community to family-related factors to individual factors, such as subjective norms, values, attitudes, and beliefs, and biological/genetic predispositions. This review describes the literature relevant to weight change during perimenopause using a multilevel perspective and recommends future directions for the development of translational weight management research to meet the unique needs of women.