Approximately 30 to 40 percent of atherosclerotic coronary arteries treated by angioplasty or by bypass surgery occlude as a result of restenosis. This restenosis is due principally to the accumulation of neointimal smooth muscle cells, which is also a prominent feature of the advanced lesions of atherosclerosis. The factors responsible for the accumulation of intimal smooth muscle cells have not been identified. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent smooth muscle chemoattractant and mitogen. It is present in platelets and can be formed by endothelium, smooth muscle, and monocyte-derived macrophages. The development of an intimal lesion in the carotid artery of athymic nude rats induced by intraarterial balloon catheter deendothelialization was inhibited by a polyclonal antibody to PDGF. These data demonstrate that endogenous PDGF is involved in the accumulation of neointimal smooth muscle cells associated with balloon injury and may be involved in restenosis after angioplasty, and perhaps in atherogenesis as well.

Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) transports retinol from the liver to extrahepatic tissues, and RBP4 lowering is reported to improve insulin sensitivity in mice. We have identified A1120, a high affinity (K i ‫؍‬ 8.3 nM) non-retinoid ligand for RBP4, which disrupts the interaction between RBP4 and its binding partner transthyretin. Analysis of the RBP4-A1120 co-crystal structure reveals that A1120 induces critical conformational changes at the RBP4-transthyretin interface. Administration of A1120 to mice lowers serum RBP4 and retinol levels but, unexpectedly, does not improve insulin sensitivity. In addition, we show that Rpb4 ؊/؊ mice display normal insulin sensitivity and are not protected from high fat diet-induced insulin resistance. We conclude that lowering RBP4 levels does not improve insulin sensitivity in mice. Therefore, RBP4 lowering may not be an effective strategy for treating diabetes. RBP42 is a serum protein that transports retinol (vitamin A) from the liver to extrahepatic tissues (1). The majority of RBP4 is expressed in the liver, with ϳ15-20% expressed in adipose (2). In the serum, RBP4 is present as a complex with transthyretin (TTR), which effectively increases the molecular weight of RBP4 and protects it from glomerular filtration. Thus disruption of the RBP4⅐TTR complex in vivo by administration of the synthetic retinoid fenretinide (N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide) results in a rapid reduction in serum RBP4 levels (3, 4).Although the major physiological ligand for RBP4 appears to be retinol, RBP4 can bind to other endogenous and synthetic retinoids. For example, using biochemical assays, RBP4 has been shown to bind to retinol, all-trans-and 13-cis-retinoic acid, retinyl acetate, N-(ethyl)retinamide, and fenretinide (4 -6). In addition, x-ray diffraction analysis of a variety of RBP4-retinoid co-crystal structures has demonstrated that these retinoids bind to the same site as retinol, with the cyclohexene ring buried within the internal cavity and the polar head group pointing toward the exterior of the protein (7-9). The loop regions of RBP4 surrounding the entrance of the binding cavity form the binding site for TTR, with the binding of retinol (in particular the presence of the hydroxyl group) increasing the affinity of RBP4 for TTR by a factor of ϳ4 (10). The binding of fenretinide, however, has the opposite effect. Through a combination of steric hindrance (from the bulky phenylamide head group) and changes in the position of the loop regions of RBP4 located at the TTR binding interface, fenretinide completely disrupts the binding of RBP4 to TTR (4, 9).Recent reports have suggested that, in addition to its role in vitamin A transport, RBP4 may also be involved in the development of insulin resistance. For example, Yang et al. reported that mice overexpressing an RBP4 transgene and mice injected with recombinant RBP4 protein become insulin-resistant, and that reduction of RBP4 levels in mice either by gene ablation or treatment with fenretinide improves insulin sensitivity (11). In huma...

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Chemokine receptors play an important role in the trafficking of various immune cell types to sites of inflammation. Several chemokine receptors are differentially expressed in Th1 and Th2 effector populations. Th2 cells selectively express CCR3, CCR4, and CCR8, which could direct their trafficking to sites of allergic inflammation. Additionally, increased expression of the CCR8 ligand, TCA-3, has been detected in affected lungs in a mouse model of asthma. In this study, CCR8-deficient mice were generated to address the biological role of CCR8 in a model of allergic airway disease. Using two different protocols of allergen challenge, we demonstrate that absence of CCR8 does not affect the development of pulmonary eosinophilia and Th2 cytokine responses. In addition, administration of anti-TCA-3-neutralizing Ab during allergen sensitization and rechallenge failed to inhibit airway allergic inflammation. These results suggest that CCR8 does not play an essential role in the pathogenesis of inflammation in this mouse model of allergic airway disease.

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GPR142 is a G protein-coupled receptor that is predominantly expressed in pancreatic β-cells. GPR142 agonists stimulate insulin secretion in the presence of high glucose concentration, so that they could be novel insulin secretagogues with reduced or no risk of hypoglycemia. We report here the optimization of HTS hit compound 1 toward a proof of concept compound 33, which showed potent glucose lowering effects during an oral glucose tolerance test in mice and monkeys.