Chromatin undergoes a variety of changes in response to UVinduced DNA damage, including histone acetylation. In human and Drosophila cells, this response is affected by mutations in the tumor suppressor p53. In this work, we report that there is a global decrease in trimethylated Lys-9 in histone H3 (H3K9me3) in salivary gland cells in wild type flies in response to UV irradiation. In contrast, flies with mutations in the Dmp53 gene have reduced basal levels of H3K9me3, which are then increased after UV irradiation. The reduction of H3K9me3 in response to DNA damage occurs preferentially in heterochromatin. Our experiments demonstrate that UV irradiation enhances the levels of Lys-9 demethylase (dKDM4B) transcript and protein in wild type flies, but not in Dmp53 mutant flies. Dmp53 binds to a DNA element in the dKdm4B gene as a response to UV irradiation. Furthermore, heterozygous mutants for the dKdm4B gene are more sensitive to UV irradiation; they are deficient in the removal of cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimers, and the decrease of H3K9me3 levels following DNA damage is not observed in dKdm4B mutant flies. We propose that in response to UV irradiation, Dmp53 enhances the expression of the dKDM4B histone demethylase, which demethylates H3K9me3 preferentially in heterochromatin regions. This mechanism appears to be essential for the proper function of the nucleotide excision repair system.In eukaryotic cells, the dynamics of chromatin structure play a central role in all processes involving nuclear DNA, including transcription, replication, recombination, and repair. It has been shown that ATP-dependent complexes that alter the structure and array of nucleosomes, together with complexes containing enzymes that modify different histone residues, are the primary modulators of chromatin structure.The most extensively studied histone modifications include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, and ADP-ribosylation (1, 2). It is possible to correlate the status of the chromatin with the residue that is modified and the type of modification, in a manner that is dependent on the specific histone involved. Some histone modifications are prevalent in heterochromatic regions, and others are preferentially linked to euchromatin. For instance, in the case of DNA transcription and replication, it is generally accepted that relaxed chromatin facilitates the incorporation of factors that recognize elements in the DNA, allowing multisubunit complexes to assemble and achieve these functions. A similar situation may occur during DNA repair, because the DNA repair machinery has to repair DNA in the context of chromatin (3).DNA damage by UV irradiation in eukaryotic cells is repaired via the nucleotide excision repair (NER) 3 mechanism. In vitro reconstituted assays have demonstrated that removal of a lesion requires recognition by XPC-HR23b and subsequent unwinding of the DNA duplex by TFIIH (3, 4). The resulting single strands of DNA are then stabilized by xeroderma pigmentosum A and replication pro...
In , zygotic genome activation occurs in pre-blastoderm embryos during rapid mitotic divisions. How the transcription machinery is coordinated to achieve this goal in a very brief time span is still poorly understood. Transcription factor II H (TFIIH) is fundamental for transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). Herein, we show the dynamics of TFIIH at the onset of transcription in embryos. TFIIH shows an oscillatory behaviour between the nucleus and cytoplasm. TFIIH foci are observed from interphase to metaphase, and colocalize with those for RNAPII phosphorylated at serine 5 (RNAPIIS5P) at prophase, suggesting that transcription occurs during the first mitotic phases. Furthermore, embryos with defects in subunits of either the CAK or the core subcomplexes of TFIIH show catastrophic mitosis. Although, transcriptome analyses show altered expression of several maternal genes that participate in mitosis, the global level of RNAPIIS5P in TFIIH mutant embryos is similar to that in the wild type, therefore, a direct role for TFIIH in mitosis cannot be ruled out. These results provide important insights regarding the role of a basal transcription machinery component when the zygotic genome is activated.
Alternatives to the cap mechanism in translation are often used by viruses and cells to allow them to synthesize proteins in events of stress and viral infection.In Drosophila there are hundreds of polycistronic messenger RNA (mRNA), and various mechanisms are known to achieve this. However, proteins in a same mRNA often work in the same cellular mechanism, this is not the case for Drosophila's Swc6/p18 Hamlet homolog Dmp18, part of the SWR1 chromatin remodeling complex, who is encoded in a bicistronic mRNA next to Dmp8 (Dmp8-Dmp18 transcript), a structural component of transcription factor TFIIH. The organization of these two genes as a bicistron is conserved in all arthropods, however the length of the intercistronic sequence varies from more than 90 to 2 bases, suggesting an unusual translation mechanism for the second open reading frame. We found that even though translation of Dmp18 occurs independently from that of Dmp8, it is necessary for Dmp18 to be in that conformation to allow its correct translation during cellular stress caused by damage via heat-shock and UV radiation.
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