This article reports on the implementation of a real-time monitoring system in a laboratory test grid based on synchrophasorial measurement units. The system consists of the installation of different types of units for monitoring the electrical parameters of the network. The information is transmitted to a power data concentrator equipment, through a local area network under TCP/IP protocol. All the information received is properly processed and systematically stored for future use. A graphical application was developed to visualize the information in real-time or to perform off-line power analyses. The functionality of the monitoring system was verified on several test grids and is used for teaching and research for both undergraduate and postgraduate students in the power electronics laboratory at the Engineering Institute of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. K E Y W O R D Sdatabase, phasorial data concentrator, phasorial measurement unit, synchrophasorial | INTRODUCTIONThe constant growth of the energy system infrastructure in response to the development of the different economic sectors (industry, transportation, trade, among others) demands a greater reliability on the daily operation of electric energy systems. This implies the application of new technologies to guarantee reliability in the operation of energy networks in the face of technical and operational problems or natural phenomena. Failure to achieve this objective can lead to cascading falls and system outages, resulting in a serious, negative impact on a country's economy [3,10].For this reason, the industrial sector has dedicated huge efforts to the development of technology and more efficient systems that allow a real-time monitoring of power systems. These technologies have been shown to improve both, the reliability and the energy quality of the system. At present, one of the available solutions is the implementation of synchrophasors or phasor measurement systems, composed of several Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), distributed throughout power systems, which supply the measurements of voltage, current, frequency and the frequency's derivative, among others. Phasorial data concentrators (PDCs) are used to store a power system's measurements needed by the applications to perform analysis in real-time, on-line, or offline afterwards [13]. Currently, universities, industry and government have made many efforts to develop and implement applications over the power main by using synchrophasor technology [1,[6][7][8][9]11,[14][15][16].In this paper, the main components of the real-time monitoring system based on synchrophasor technology called PDC UNAM-UD are presented. The name stand for Phasorial Data Concentrators, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Universidad Distrital. Several applications wereComput Appl Eng Educ. 2018;26:37-48.wileyonlinelibrary.com/cae
When electrical engineering students start their instrumentation and measurement course, they have previously taken calculus, physics, probability, and statistics. However, they have problems to apply the knowledge they acquired to solve problems related to electrical measurements and variables in the profession, such as water flows, solar radiation, wind speed and water levels. This paper shows how to integrate all the concepts involved in the process to calculate measurement uncertainty in order to improve the way the results of measurements and/or error determination processes are described. For that purpose, this study presents an applied exercise and a methodological process by means of an example, where the value of a resistance is determined taking into account the data of voltage and current measurements and using few data. The objective is to focus the process on estimating Type A and Type B uncertainty and the factors that affect the measurement processes, such as uncertainty due to random variations of the measured signals, instrument defects, imprecision of the instruments, or their resolution. During the calculation of uncertainty proposed here, students use the probabilistic knowledge they have acquired after they determined the value of the uncertainty U from the combined uncertainty u𝑐 (R), where the coverage factor is taken into account. This allows us to learn about the importance of expressing the results with higher (+) or lower (-) values of uncertainty. In the exercise carried out in this work, R = 733.31 +/- 8.10 ohm.
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