Forecasted increase drought frequency and severity may drive worldwide declines in forest productivity. Species-level responses to a drier world are likely to be influenced by their functional traits. Here, we analyse forest resilience to drought using an extensive network of tree-ring width data and satellite imagery. We compiled proxies of forest growth and productivity (TRWi, absolutely dated ring-width indices; NDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) for 11 tree species and 502 forests in Spain corresponding to Mediterranean, temperate, and continental biomes. Four different components of forest resilience to drought were calculated based on TRWi and NDVI data before, during, and after four major droughts (1986, 1994-1995, 1999, and 2005), and pointed out that TRWi data were more sensitive metrics of forest resilience to drought than NDVI data. Resilience was related to both drought severity and forest composition. Evergreen gymnosperms dominating semi-arid Mediterranean forests showed the lowest resistance to drought, but higher recovery than deciduous angiosperms dominating humid temperate forests. Moreover, semi-arid gymnosperm forests presented a negative temporal trend in the resistance to drought, but this pattern was absent in continental and temperate forests. Although gymnosperms in dry Mediterranean forests showed a faster recovery after drought, their recovery potential could be constrained if droughts become more frequent. Conversely, angiosperms and gymnosperms inhabiting temperate and continental sites might have problems to recover after more intense droughts since they resist drought but are less able to recover afterwards.

1. The negative impacts of drought on forest growth and productivity last for several years generating legacies, although the factors that determine why such legacies vary across sites and tree species remain unclear. 2. We used an extensive network of tree-ring width (RWI, ring-width index) records of 16 tree species from 567 forests, and high-resolution climate and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets across Spain during the common period 1982-2008 to test the hypothesis that climate conditions and growth features modulate legacy effects of drought on forests. Legacy effects of drought were calculated as the differences between detrended-only RWI and NDVI series (i.e. after removing long-term growth trends) and pre-whitened RWI and NDVI series predicted by a model including drought intensity. Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) was used to estimate whether legacy effects differed from random. Finally, legacy effects were related to water balance, growth persistence and variability, and tree species identity. 3. We found a widespread occurrence of drought legacy effects on both RWI and NDVI, but they were seldom significant. According to SEA, first-year drought legacies were negative and different from random in 9% and 5% of the RWI and

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Drought is one of the key natural hazards impacting net primary production and tree growth in forest ecosystems. Nonetheless, tree species show different responses to drought events, which make it difficult to adopt fixed tools for monitoring drought impacts under contrasting environmental and climatic conditions. In this study, we assess the response of forest growth and a satellite proxy of the net primary production (NPP) to drought in peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands, a region characterized by complex climatological, topographical, and environmental characteristics. Herein, we employed three different indicators based on

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Phytophthora cinnamomi (Pc) is an extremely destructive soil‐borne pathogen of Asiatic origin responsible for “ink disease” in chestnut. This work assesses the adaptive potential to the impact of Pc of four Spanish populations of Castanea sativa undergoing different selection pressures. To explore the evolvability of C. sativa to Pc in the selected populations, parameters obtained from neutral and functional genetic diversity were compared with estimates of quantitative genetic variability. Nine expressed sequence tags‐simple sequence repeat (EST‐SSR) markers were selected and their transferability and polymorphism in 137 C. sativa individuals were evaluated. To test the potential of EST‐SSR markers for early selection of Pc tolerant plant material, the offspring of selected individuals were challenged with Pc. Expressed sequence tags‐simple sequence repeat markers and seedling life expectancy after Pc inoculation revealed significant different responses of C. sativa populations to Pc. The genetic variability observed within populations showed the potential response capacity of Spanish C. sativa populations to undergo fast adaptive evolution. The heritability value obtained for the “life expectancy” variable (h2 = 0.21 ± 0.11) indicated that selection for resistance to Pc is possible. Genetic patterns reflected two evolutionarily meaningful groupings of populations, corresponding to the different selective pressure of the oomycete between sites. The differentiation coefficient obtained through markers classified as under neutral selection (FST = 0.185) was lower than the quantitative genetic differentiation of “life expectancy” between C. sativa populations (QST = 0.682), providing evidence that selection acted spatially in a heterogeneous manner. A first link has been identified in trees between population structure and adaptive responses to pathogen‐induced selection. The study identified one marker under positive selection that could be used in marker assisted selection to predict resistance to Pc in non‐inoculated C. sativa trees.

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