To end the chronical problems of the Turkish Health System, in 2003 Health Transformation Programme was established. The aim of the programme is to provide equality to access health care services and including all population into social security system. In addition to this, a co-payment was assessed with the increase in health expenditures. This study investigates catastrophic health expenditures caused by co-payments as a tool of demand side cost containment and focuses on the factors of catastrophic health expenditure. Study uses the data of Household Budget Expenditure Survey by Turkstat within the years of 2003-2011. Those factors were determined by logistic regression. As a main result of the study it is observed that after the 2003 health reform, financial catastrophie was increased.
Access to energy is a prerequisite for human development. For this reason, the concept of energy poverty is carefully monitored by the United Nations and the European Union within the scope of "Sustainable Development" objectives. In this study, energy poverty is conceptually investigated, and the data related to the current energy consumption and the main indicators of energy poverty in various countries were examined. Moreover, socioeconomic characteristics of energy poor households in Turkey were examined with the help of the 2017 Household Budget Survey data set. According to the most recent data available, about one-quarter of households in Turkey are energy poor while nearly half of the households, which have the lowest income levels, were found to carry the risk of facing energy poverty. For the richest households, this rate is only 3.48%. Additionally, the share of energy poor households was observed to decrease from 2003 to 2017.
This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of fiscal rules in terms of government expenditure and tax revenues with and without the threshold effect of the budget deficit over the period 1995 -2019 in 9 1 emerging European countries, as the frequency and severity of the implementation of fiscal rules vary according to the level of the budget deficit. To achieve this objective, the study firstly examines this relationship using the fixed and random effect methods without considering the threshold effect of budget deficit. Secondly, the study employs the panel threshold method proposed by Hansen (1999) to examine this relationship with the threshold effect of budget deficit, which is different from previous studies. Based on the panel threshold estimation, the results reveal that there are two threshold levels of budget deficit on government expenditure and a single threshold level of budget deficit on government tax revenue. Depending on these thresholds, the effect of fiscal rules on government expenditure and tax revenue varies significantly. This suggests that fiscal rules are more effective in ensuring fiscal discipline when the budget deficit is high and less effective when the budget deficit is low.
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