El ciclo del agua describe dónde se encuentra el agua en la Tierra y cómo se mueve. El agua se almacenar en la atmósfera, en la superficie de la tierra o debajo del suelo. Puede estar en estado líquido, sólido o gaseoso. El agua se mueve entre los lugares donde está almacenada a grandes escalas y a muy pequeñas escalas. El agua se mueve de forma natural y debido a la interacción humana, los cuales afectan dónde se almacena el agua, cómo se mueve y qué tan limpia es.
Understanding breeding ground dispersal, migratory timing and routes, and winter distribution of birds that are facing population declines, such as the American Kestrel (Falco sparverius), can provide insight into their life history traits and potentially inform management decisions. We used Lotek NanoTags and CTT LifeTags to track American Kestrels breeding in three locations in Minnesota, USA, across the Motus network. We tagged nine juvenile American Kestrels in July and August 2020 and 24 more kestrels between April and August 2021 (21 adults and three juveniles). We subsequently detected 15 (45%) of the 33 birds tagged. Eleven birds (33%) were detected while still on their breeding grounds; detections on the breeding grounds after tag deployment lasted an average of 64.3 d (SD = 59.7 d) and 19.9 d (SD = 13.2 d) for adults and juveniles, respectively. Two of the three juvenile males left their natal area 44 d after fledging and the third left 68 d after fledging. However, the average date of departure did not differ by age or sex. Twelve of 33 tagged birds (39%) were detected at post-breeding ground locations during flybys (25 events) or stopovers (2 events), and they all followed a relatively consistent migratory pathway from Minnesota through Iowa and Missouri. However, a lack of Motus receiver stations south of Missouri limited our ability to determine wintering areas. The use of the Motus system to determine dispersal and migratory pathways of American Kestrels, while currently limited in the central part of North America by the availability of receiver stations, is a valuable tool in furthering our understanding of American Kestrel life cycles and possibly revealing causes of the species' population decline in North America.
Understanding patterns in the occupancy of Neotropical owls can help inform land managers and conservation efforts; however, Neotropical owls are understudied compared to their temperate kin. We conducted the first long-term (10-yr) study of owls in El Salvador to assess occurrence patterns and species richness using occupancy modeling. Our study occurred in El Imposible National Park, Montecristo National Park, and Nancuchiname Forest, and we chose two survey routes per protected area to represent the landscape diversity of the country. Surveys involved passive listening and broadcasting calls of several species at selected points along each route, and we sought to repeat each survey route twice per year. We completed 86 surveys between March and May each year from 2003 through 2013, except in 2006 when no surveys occurred. We detected nine species of owls, including the Stygian Owl (Asio stygius), which was previously undocumented in El Salvador, and we documented 1211 owl records overall. We developed Bayesian, hierarchical, single-species occupancy models for the Mottled Owl (Ciccaba virgata), Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium brasilianum), and Spectacled Owl (Pulsatrix perspicillata), and a multi-species richness model for all El Salvador owls. We found that the effects of broadcasting calls were species-specific (i.e., broadcasting some species' calls increased detection probabilities while others decreased detection). Nancuchiname Forest was the most species-rich, while the cloud forest of Montecristo National Park had several species that we did not observe elsewhere. In general, we found relatively stable occupancy patterns across the study period, and we recommend some specific areas of further study to inform management decisions.
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