The purpose of the study was to investigate genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for grain yield and quality characters in the M2, M3 and M4 populations of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replicates during the 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14 periods. Analysis of variance indicated that the mean squares for treatments were significant for all the characters except harvest index in the M2; plant height, grain weight per spike, harvest index and gluten index in the M3; sedimentation value and gluten index in the M4. For the genotype, mean squares were also were significant for all the characters except gluten content in the M3. The M2 and M3 showed a response to selection for grain yield and its components in bread wheat, while the M4 generation was a response to selection for quality traits. Moderate phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) estimated for the grain yield, the number of grains per spike, the grain weight per spike, the gluten index and the sedimentation value in three mutant generations indicated that the genotype could be reflected by the phenotype and the effectiveness of selection based on the phenotypic performance for these characters in the early mutant generations. Heritability for the plant height, the number of grains per spike and the sedimentation value could be due to additive gene effects, and selection might be effective for these characters due to high heritability with high genetic advance. The harvest index, the gluten content and the gluten index could be used in the early generation stages with their high to medium values of heritability estimates associated with moderate expected gain, but would be more effective if postponed to late generations.

Stress (abiotic and biotic) factors reflect and specify the plant morphology and called as "stress" and have negative effect(s) on growth, development, quality, quantity and can reduce average plant productivity by 65 to 87%, depending on the plants and stage(s) and also give various permanent or temporary damage(s) according to length of exposed period, violence/density, developmental stage, age, etc. Researches have revealed that despite the advanced technology levels the fundamental basis of stress have not been understood comprehensively. Firstly taken response(s) has/have not yet fully understood and secondly any "resistance" or "tolerance level of a variety/species" because of their complex structure(s). But, this point is clear that with the help or assistance of "multi-disciplinary" approaches, it will be able to get promising result(s) in near future. This review focuses some of the ecophysiological responses of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses.

The interrelationships among the grain protein, oil, fatty acids, starch, Na, K, Fe concentrations and chemical grain characteristics were determined by correlation analyses in thirty-five commercial dent corn hybrids. An increase in oil content of the corn is accompanied by a decrease in starch content and by an increase in caproic acid content. The correlation coefficients involving protein content of corn hybrids with oil content (r = 0.066) and with saturated fatty acid (SFA) (r = -0.247*) evidence that protein content is more related to fatty acid distribution than the oil quantity. Linear relationships between refractive index (RI) (nD40 ºC) and saturated fatty acid (r = 0.369**) and between refractive index and oleic acid (r = 0.364**), and between iodine number (IN) and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) were determined. In addition, oleic acid is strongly correlated with linoleic (r = -0.769**) and linolenic acids (r = -0.335**).

The research was carried out with 9 triticale, 3 bread wheat, 3 durum wheat and 3 barley varieties and advanced lines in Tekirdağ, Edirne and Silivri locations during three years. In the study, the data obtained from combined variance analysis were performed and the significance of the differences between the averages was determined by LSD multiple comparison test. GGE biplot analysis and graphics were made by using the statistical package program. The genotypes G2 and G3 for thousand kernel weight, genotype G1 for the heading time and test weight, genotypes G14 and G15 for the maturation time, number of spikelets per spike and grain weight per spike and G13 for the plant height, spike length and grain yield per hectare decare revealed the highest values. The genotypes G6, G5, G4, G14, G9, G8 and G7 gave lower values than the average in terms of grain yield, whereas the other genotypes gave higher values than the general average. According to biplot graphical results, while locations 1 and 8 were closely related, locations 9, 2 and 7 were positively related to these environments. Although the location 7 is slightly different from the other 4 locations, these 5 locations can be seen as a mega environment. Genotypes G12, G2, G3 and G10 for this mega-environment showed the best performances. According to the results of grain yields obtained from 9 different locations, the location 5 was the most discriminating area while the location 1 was the least discriminating. Location 2 was the best representative location, while locations 4 and 7 were with the lowest representation capability. The locations that are both descriptive and representative are good test locations for the selection of adapted genotypes. Test environments, such as location 8, with low ability to represent are useful for selecting genotypes that perform well in specific regions if the target environments can be subdivided into sub-environments.

This study was conducted to determine changes for some quality characters in M2, M3 and M4 mutated populations of three bread wheat genotypes irradiated by different gamma rays. The results showed that the genotypes significantly and variably differed in their response for various traits at different gamma rays doses in M2, M3, and M4 populations. The shifts per see from the controls for examined quality characters such as thousand-grain weight (TGW), test weight (TW), wet gluten content (GC), gluten index (GI), Zeleny sedimentation value (ZSV), and protein content (PC) in mutant populations were significant according to t-test analysis. The results showed that desired variations could be obtained for quality traits in M2, M3, and M4 generations with different doses of gamma irradiation depending on bread wheat genotypes. Although the shifts per see from the controls for ZSV, GC, and PC were significant, TGW, GI, and TW showed an unchanged or slightly negative response in the M2, M3, and M4 generations. It can be generally said that it may be more appropriate to perform selection after M4 generation for seed quality traits in mutant populations. Although the effect of mutagen doses varies depending on the character, genotype, and mutagenesis generation examined, it can be said that the most appropriategammarayy doses are 300 and 200 Gy doses because of causing significant shifts per see from the controls.

The growth of plants promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that live actively in plant roots and rhizosphere and support plant growth has gained widespread importance in agriculture. This study was carried out to obtain and identify PGPR isolates from wheat soil and determine their ability and capacity on plant growth and yield. So, PGPR isolates were obtained from soil, and they were identified as Bacillus sp. (B. simplex and B. pumilus) by biochemical tests and MALDI-TOF MS. After the wheat seeds (Flamura-85) were treated PGPR, the field experiment was conducted with inoculated and non-inoculated seeds at the area of the Field Crops Department, Tekirdag Namık Kemal University in 2016-2018. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with three replicates for each treatment. In the experiment, some parameters such as plant height (PH), spike length (SL), number of grain per spike (NGPS), grain weight per spike (GWPS), and grain yield (GY) were evaluated and compared between treatments. The study has shown that PGPR treatments support plant growth and significantly increase yield between 9.6% and 29.29%. Especially, W3 and W4 strains (B. simplex) were showed a significant effect on grain yield. According to the results, we can mention that using PGPR promotes wheat growth and lead to increasing yield in the wheat. The use of PGPR can give promising results for sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural practices.

The present research was conducted to evaluate the M1, M2, M3 and M4 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mutant populations for yield and yield related traits during 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14 at Tekirdağ ecological conditions. Three wheat genotypes were treated with different levels of gamma rays (100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 Gy, 500 Gy and Control). The mutated plants were evaluated along with parental lines (control) for grain yield (GY) and its contributing traits such as plant height (PH), spike length (SL), the number of spikelets per spike (NSPS), the number of grains per spike (NGPS), grain weight per spike (GWPS), harvest index (HI) and thousand grain weight (TGW) under field conditions. The results obtained from the present study showed that the genotypes significantly and variably differed in their response for various traits at different gamma rays doses. The traits such as PH, TGW and grain yield (GY) showed generally reduction with higher gamma irradiation doses as compared to low doses, while mutagenic treatments shifted the mean values mostly towards the negative direction in the other yield components. But, the negative or positive shifts were not unidirectional or equally effective for all the traits. These findings suggested that the variability could be induced through the use of gamma irradiations in bread wheat. Some of the traits showed improvement due to the induced mutations could be used in future wheat breeding programs. The differences in mean values and the nature of variability observed in M2 indicated a possible preference of selection in M3 generation. Öz Bu araştırma, M1, M2, M3 ve M4 ekmeklik buğday mutant populasyonlarını verim ve verime etkili özellikler bakımından değerlendirmek için 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 ve 2013-14 yıllarında Tekirdağ ekolojik koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Üç buğday genotipine farklı dozlarda gamma ışını (Kontrol, 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 Gy ve 500 Gy) uygulanmıştır. Mutant bitkiler anaçları (kontrol) ile birlikte tane verimi (TV) ve bitki boyu (BB), başak uzunluğu (BAU), başakta başakçık sayısı (BABS), başakta tane sayısı (BATS), başakta tane ağırlığı (BATA), hasat indeksi (HI) ve bin tane ağırlığı (BTA) gibi verime etkili özellikler bakımından tarla koşullarında değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, genotiplerin çeşitli özellikler için farklı gamma ışını dozlarına yanıtlarının önemli ve değişken bir şekilde farklı olduğunu göstermiştir. Bitki boyu, bin tane ağırlığı ve tane verimi gibi özellikler düşük dozlarla karşılaştırıldığında yüksek gamma ışını dozlarında genellikle azalma gösterirken, mutagen uygulamaları diğer verim unsurlarında ortalama değerleri çoğunlukla negatif yöne doğru kaydırmıştır. Ancak, negatif ya da pozitif yöndeki kaymalar tüm özellikler için tek yönde ya da eşit derecede etkili olmamıştır. Bu bulgular, buğdayda gamma ışınları kullanılarak varyabilitenin oluşturulabileceğini göstermiştir. Oluşturulan mutasyonlara bağlı olarak gelişme gösteren bazı özellikler gelecekte buğday ıslahı çalışmalarında kullanılab...

Breeding effort on increasing grain yield of wheat will incessantly continue because it is indispensable product. Obtaining the genetic information such as genotypic variation, heritability, genetic advance is the fundamental components of these studies. It is important that the maternal effects are put forward throughout successive generations because of genotypic and/or environmental effects as far as variation. This research was conducted to investigate changes of reciprocal crosses throughout successive generations and determine selection criteria for high yield in early generations. For this purpose, the populations were analyzed with regard to genotypic and phenotypic variation coefficient, heritability, genetic advance and Unweighted Pair Group Method (UPGMA) cluster analysis for real crosses, reciprocals and all genotypes separately. According to the results, heritability and genetic advance values of traits investigated were highly varied throughout successive generations among real crosses, reciprocals and all genotypes. This finding indicated that non-additive gen effects or epitasis played a role in inheritance of all traits. Dissimilarity of crosses than their reciprocals indicated variation of successive generation. Dissimilarity value of each parent differed as generation progresses according to combination created. This condition suggested that there were maternal effects in this population throughout successive generations. Grain weight per spike, spike harvest index and spike density had high direct and indirect effects on the grain yield at all of three generations, it proved that these traits can be a selection criterion for early generations.