The first signs of face aging appear in the midface, so procedures such as botulinum toxin and filler injections are performed there. However, no guidelines based on clinical anatomy describing the muscular and vascular components in vivo have been published. The aim of this research was to describe the depths of the midface muscles and the locations of vessels using ultrasonographic (US) imaging. US was applied at 12 landmarks on the midface in 88 volunteers (49 males and 39 females; 19-36 years) to detect sex differences in the depths of muscles and the locations of the vessels. The depths of the orbicularis oculi (OOc), levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (LLSAN), and zygomaticus minor (Zmi) differed significantly with sex at P7 (p = 0.001) and P8 (p = 0.017), P1 (p = 0.028), and P4 (p = 0.035), respectively. The facial artery, facial vein, angular artery, angular vein, and perforator vessels were found at P9, P2 and P10, P1, P1 and P5, and P8, P11 and P12, respectively. The findings indicate that the depths of the OOc, LLSAN, and Zmi muscles differ between the sexes and that the vessels appear at specific landmarks. This information could help in developing anatomical guidelines for several procedures.

Objectives: External skeletal robustness has been decreasing in children, potentially due to a lack of physical activity and the increased prevalence of obesity. However, whether socioeconomic status (SES) influences external skeletal robustness in adolescents has not yet been examined. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed to examine 370 Chilean adolescents (16.15 ± 1.01 years old) recruited from distinct educational establishments. Body fat percentage (BF%) was evaluated using Ellis' equations for Hispanic children. Obesity was defined as ≥25 BF% in males and ≥ 30 BF% in females. External skeletal robustness was obtained by measuring the humerus biepicondylar width and height (Frame-Index). SES was obtained through the ESOMAR survey. Results: Females exhibited significantly greater BF% and lower Frame-Index values than males (P < .001). Obese adolescents (by BF%) had greater Frame-Index values than non-obese adolescents (P < .001). Females of medium-high SES had significantly lower BF% and Frame-Index values than females of medium and medium-low SES. BF% had a positive correlation with Frame-Index values in all SES groups studied, except in males of medium-high SES. As SES decreased, the correlation increased in both sexes, but overall, the correlation was greater in females than males. Conclusions: The results of this investigation suggest that obesity increases external skeletal robustness in adolescents. Additionally, lower SES corresponded to higher BF% and Frame-Index values. Therefore, modern conditions that influence the prevalence of obesity in adolescence could be affecting bone health in adolescents, primarily in females of medium-low SES. d Comparisons were performed using the One-way ANOVA test with post-hoc comparison Bonferroni test. e Comparisons were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc comparison Dunn's test. * P < .05. † ESOMAR survey to determine socioeconomic status was used.

Chilean science education curriculum is standardized and issued by the Ministry of Education (MINEDUC). This study contributes to science education analyzing a government implemented high school biology curriculum and its adherence to the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). The purpose of this study was to assess the use of International anatomical terminology (IAT) in Chilean national biology education programs. The sample consisted of biology programs for 9th to 12th grades obtained from the MINEDUC website, in force since 2009. An analysis of terms used in MINEDUC high school programs (9th to 12th grade) was carried out. Terms were identified using Atlas.ti text analysis software. Subsequently, the identified terms were tabulated as follows: frequency, Latin term, Spanish translation, use of the term according to FIPAT and type of error. Our results showed that 11.43 % of the terminology used in the high school biology curriculum did not adhere to the IAT in FIPAT. 11th grade's biology education curriculum showed the highest use of FIPAT terminology and also the same grade showed the highest prevalence of misused terms. These results can serve as an important basic resource for the revision and standardization of terminology used in biomedical fields. Collaboration between anatomists, biologists and high school teachers is a requirement necessary to make changes in the curricula in order to improve the use of IAT in teacher training and in Biology and Natural sciences classes.

Adolescents with HIA reported elevated PA. However, obesity was more prevalent in females, who also reported less weekly PA than males.