In the present scenario, resistance to antibiotics is one of the crucial issues related to public health. Earlier, such resistance to antibiotics was limited to nosocomial infections, but it has now become a common phenomenon. Several factors, like extensive development, overexploitation of antibiotics, excessive application of broad-spectrum drugs, and a shortage of target-oriented antimicrobial drugs, could be attributed to this condition. Nowadays, there is a rise in the occurrence of these drug-resistant pathogens due to the availability of a small number of effective antimicrobial agents. It has been estimated that if new novel drugs are not discovered or formulated, there would be no effective antibiotic available to treat these deadly resistant pathogens by 2050. For this reason, we have to look for the formulation of some new novel drugs or other options or substitutes to treat such multidrug-resistant microorganisms (MDR). The current review focuses on the evolution of the most common multidrug-resistant bacteria and discusses how these bacteria escape the effects of targeted antibiotics and become multidrug resistant. In addition, we also discuss some alternative mechanisms to prevent their infection as well.
Biomaterials have been used tremendously in medical science over last many decades. In human body a number of body tissues like teeth, ligament, bones tendons and others have been successfully replaced by these biomaterials. In present scenario the various applications of these biomaterials are still awaited. The most important challenge in using these biomaterials is immune rejection because in current situation the lifetime implants and bone replacement must required biocompatibility along with the biological and mechanical characteristics of the biomaterial used. Till now a number of biomaterials have been discovered and due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability, these are biomaterials are employed significantly in biotherapy and medical science. On the basis of the source, these biomaterials can be grouped into two categories namely natural or synthetic polymers, henceforth they have paid much consideration.
An ideal biomaterial must have the following characteristics like they fulfill the various chemical and physical requirements along with the mechanical vigor and biocompatibility e.g. stainless steel, zirconia, alumina, Co-Cr alloys, polythene (high molecular weight), poly methyl methacrylate etc. In present scenario, considerable efforts has been done in improving the utility of artificial joints, but now the current focus has been committed for reducing the wear and to amplify the duration of implants or prosthesis inside the human body. In the present review an efforts has been made to provide awareness and importance of these biomaterials in the medical science along with fulfilling all the challenges.
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Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are heterogeneous group of rare genetic disorders which are generally
transmitted as autosomal or X-linked recessive ones. These defects arise due to mutations associated with specific gene(s)
especially the ones associated with key metabolic enzymes. These enzymes or their product(s) are involved in various
metabolic pathways- leading to accumulation of intermediary metabolite(s), which reflects their toxic effects upon
mutations. The diagnosis of these metabolic disorders is based on the biochemical analysis of the clinical manifestations
produced and its molecular mechanism. It is therefore imperative to devise diagnostic tests with high sensitivity, and
specificity for early detection of IEM. Recent advances in biochemical and polymerase chain reaction based genetic analysis
along with pedigree and prenatal diagnosis can be life saving in nature. Latest development in exome sequencing for rapid
diagnosis and enzyme replacement therapy would be expected to facilitate the successful treatment of these metabolic
disorders in future. Although the long-term clinical implications of these genetic manipulations are still a matter of debate
among the intellectuals and is a matter of further research.
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