Background. Treatment of patients with a biochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer (PCa) is generally difficult and without valid treatment options. Since 2004 we have been developing therapeutic possibilities for these patients. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 41 patients with a BCR of PCa and a mean followup of 40.3 ± 20.8 months. Group 1 (n = 10): salvage radical prostatectomy (sRP) with SePLND (salvage extended pelvic lymph nodes dissection) (initial treatment: combined brachytherapy). Group 2 (n = 22): SePLND (initial treatment: radical prostatectomy (RP)). Group 3 (n = 9): SePLND (initial treatment: RP and adjuvant radiation therapy (RT)). We observed PSA, PSA-velocity, localization of LNs and LNs+, BCR-free period, and BR (biochemical response). Results. Group 1: 60% with BCR-freedom (mean 27.2 months). Group 2: 63.6% with BCR-freedom (mean 17.5 months). Group 3: 33.3% with BCR-freedom (mean 17.6 months). In total, BCR-freedom was observed in 23 of 41 patients (56.1%) after salvage surgery. 75.6% of all patients showed a BR. 765 LNs were removed and 14.8% of these were LN+. Conclusions. The BCR-free period and BR are comparable in all three groups. Sensibility to ADT can be reestablished and prolonged as a result of SePLND. Multicenter studies are needed for a reliable output.
BackgroundThe aim of the study is to assess the efficacy of choline PET/CT regarding the detection of lymph node (LN) metastases in recurrent prostate cancer (PCa).Methods49 patients with a biochemical recurrence of PCa (PSA >0.2 ng/ml) were included in the study. All patients were selected for further diagnostics with a choline-PET/CT. All patients underwent salvage extended lymphadenectomy. The PET/CT result and the histological findings were analyzed regarding the specificity and sensitivity and with respect to the localization of the metastases. The detection rate of LN metastases was analyzed with respect to interdependencies between the pre-PET/CT PSA-value as well as the role of prior ADT.Results41 out of 49 (83.6%) patients showed positive PET/CT results. Positive LNs were found in 27 out of 49 patients (55.1%). 48.9% of the PET-CT-findings proved true positive, 36.7% were found to be false positive. 8.1% proved true negative and 8.1% false negative. This results in a specificity of 22.7% and a sensitivity of 85.1%. Out of the true positive PET/CT scans, 61.9% were not congruent regarding the localization of positive LNs. In patients with PSA [greater than or equal to] 5 ng/ml, the sensitivity of the PET/CT result was 93.7%, while specificity was 0%. In 24 patients who underwent ADT prior to the PET/CT diagnostics, the sensitivity was 84.6% and specificity 9.0%.ConclusionsThe reliability of PET/CT imaging for detection of LN metastases is limited by a high false-positive rate. The influence of ADT further diminishes the PET/CT reliability. Sensitivity of the PET/CT is highest in patients with a PSA of [greater than or equal to] 5 ng/ml. Based on our results, we propose the following conclusions: 1. There is no well-established diagnostic alternative to Choline-PET/CT Scan. Therefore this method may continue to be performed in patients with BCR. 2. It is not sufficient to remove only those LNs that show up in the PET/CT. 3. Salvage extended lymphadenectomy should follow a predefined template (e.g. the “Kiel template”) and not just the PET/CT scan results.
Preputioplasty denotes various surgical techniques directed at resolving phimosis without the need for radical or partial circumcision. This narrative review summarizes the best-known surgical techniques of preputioplasty. A MEDLINE and EMBASE-based literature search of original manuscripts and case reports published in English has been carried out using the following key words: “circumcision”, “partial circumcision”, “phimosis”, “paraphimosis”, and “preputioplasty”. Six different procedures are explored in more detail and illustrated. The complication rates of all surgical procedures presented here are reported to be low. In cases of medical (rather than cultural and religious) indications, foreskin-preserving procedures present useful alternatives to circumcision in the routine clinical practice of urologists and pediatric surgeons.
IntroductionThis paper reports treatment of a 76-hour low-flow priapism with a shunting procedure that was first described by Barry in 1976. We were able to observe the preservation of erectile function despite the long period of ischemia. A review of the literature shows that there are few reports of erectile function recovery after a priapism of similar duration.Materials and methodsA 42-year-old patient presented with a 76-hour priapism, probably caused by consumption of alcohol and illegal drugs. A Barry Shunt procedure was performed. The erectile function of the patient was assessed by means of International Index of Erectile Function score over a follow-up period of 30 months. Moreover, we reviewed different surgical options for treatment of priapism in the literature.ResultsPartial return of erection without sexual arousal occurred on two occasions during the 10-day hospitalization, but was treated by manipulation of the penis, ie, by milking the tumescence into the shunt. After 3 months, the shunt was still palpable as a subcutaneous swelling. Six months postoperatively, the residual swelling had disappeared. The International Index of Erectile Function score was of 21 without phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors after a follow-up of 2.5 years.ConclusionBarry shunt is an effective alternative surgical option for the treatment of low-flow priapism. In the case of our patient, it was also effective after a 76-hour-lasting priapism.
Harvested tumors were stained for Ki67 and subjected to steroid measurement by LC-MS.RESULTS: GnRHR2 was readily detectable in PC cells. AR transcriptional activity reported by PSA-Luc assay was modulated by both Leup and Deg. In LNCaP and C4-2B MDVR cells, 20µM Deg significantly reduced the cell viability (p<0.01). GnRH-antagonist (alone or in combination with AA or Enza) counteracted the transactivation activity of AR by reducing AR-FL and AR variants at the protein level. In C4-2BMDVR cells, Deg reduced AR-V7 protein expression by 26 to 40% alone or combined with AA and Enza compared to control. Leup, however, enhanced variant expression. Deg reduced AR-variant levels from 17 to 41% in monotherapy or combinations compared to control. In mice, Leup slightly suppressed tumor growth compared to controls (p>0.05). However, tumors in Deg-treated group were 1.5-fold smaller than Leup-treated group but 1.7-fold bigger than surgical castration-group. Ki67 IHC staining confirmed the difference in tumor proliferation among groups. Measurements of intratumoral steroids by LC-MS from tumors, serum samples or cell pellets confirmed that Deg decreased the levels of testosterone and steroidogenesis pathway intermediates, comparable to surgical castration; while Leup had no inhibitory effect.CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a selective mechanism of action of Deg against AR-variants. The present study provides additional molecular insights regarding the mechanism of Deg compared to GnRH agonist therapy which may have clinical implications.
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