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Why do the majority of African countries fail to take the steps that would lead them towards greater development? The aim of this work is to determine the factors affecting development, not only the economic ones, which play a central role in economic literature, but also social. To do so, we have used a wide sample of countries and have estimated a panel data for 171 countries of those that have been members of the United Nations (UN) for a period of 16 years (from 1995 to 2010 inclusive). Our results lead us to conclude that monetary instability and the colonial past of these countries have had a negative impact on their level of human development. However, improvements in the efficiency of governmental policy and instruments, investment in greater democracy, greater stability and less corruption, have, in all cases, a positive effect on human development in these countries.

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The main objective of this work is to analyze whether inequality in income distribution has an effect on COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates during the first wave of the pandemic, and how the public health system mitigates these effects. To this end, the case of 819 Spanish municipalities is used, and a linear cross-sectional model is estimated. The results obtained allow us to conclude that a higher level of income inequality generates a higher rate of infections but not deaths, highlighting the importance of the Spanish National Health Service, which does not distinguish by income level. Likewise, early detection of infection measured by the number of primary care centers per 100,000 inhabitants, access to health care for the treatment of the most severe cases, unemployment as a proxy for job insecurity, climatic conditions, and population density are also important factors that determine how COVID-19 affects the population.

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