This article presents an approach in feminist geopolitics that seeks to expand the regionalism approach to transnational feminist action in Latin America. After a brief discussion on literature, it analyzes the discourses and practices of three Latin American feminist networks, the Network of Women Transforming the Economy, the Latin American Chapter of International Gender and Trade Network, and Marcosur Feminist Articulation. It considers the meanings each network gives to integration to understand how they negotiated and decided on a tense, ambivalent meaning. The analysis of the symbolic and material negotiations of the transnational feminist networks studied and their encounters and conflicts show their contribution to building regions, the progressive redefinition of Latin America, and the emergence and consolidation of South America as a privileged reference for action. The reflections are based on intensive fieldwork conducted with more than 40 feminist activists in different Latin American countries from 2003 to 2004 and from 2010 to 2102.
ResumenEl trabajo aborda la construcción del artefacto de "lo femenino", la creación de la identidad homosexual y las diferentes violencias de género teniendo en cuenta la formación y consolidación de los estados-nación europeos y las formas del imperialismo decimonónico. A partir de un diálogo entre las geopolíticas críticas feministas, la teoría queer y el pensamiento decolonial, analizamos las ficciones políticas de las identidades -de la nacionalidad, la ciudadanía, la masculinidad, la feminidad y el tercer sexo-, como artefactos violentos, domesticadores y creadores de desigualdades. A modo de genealogía proponemos "lo femenino" como un amplio espacio habitado por todas aquellas personas que carecen de las características definitorias de la masculinidad moderna. El análisis de la construcción de lo femenino en distintos momentos y espacios de la modernidad, da cuenta de los modos en que las tecnologías de la raza, el sexo y el cuerpo moldean a los individuos en la desigualdad y la violencia, legitimando las jerarquías espaciales que consolidan la hegemonía occidental y las formas de circulación del saber-poder. Nos interesa conocer los procesos político-discursivos a través de los cuales se construyen los cuerpos y las identidades situadas en "lo femenino" y cómo actúan los regímenes biopolíticos modernos al domesticar, sujetar y disciplinar la vida y los cuerpos de las poblaciones. En resumen, plantamos como las normalizaciones y las dinámicas alterizantes gestan las violencias hacia los sujetos no hombres (mujeres, homosexuales, personas con minusvalías, prostitutas, etcétera), habitantes de lo femenino. Abstract This paper analyses the construction of the artifact "feminine", the creation of the homosexual identity, and the diverse forms of gender base violence(s) from the formation and consolidation of the European nation-states and the nineteenth-century forms of imperialism. Based upon a dialogue between feminist geopolitics, queer theory, and postcolonial thought, we paper analyze the political fictions of identities -nationality, citizenship, masculinity, femininity and the third sex-, as violent artifacts, as tools of domesticity, and as creators of inequalities.From a genealogical style, we propose "the feminine" as a large space inhabit by everybody who lacks the characteristics of the modern masculinity. This analysis in different times and spaces of modernity examines how technologies of sex, race and body shape people's experience of inequality and violence, legitimizing spatial hierarchies that consolidate Western hegemony and forms of the knowledge-power. We pay attentions to the political and discursive processes through are bodies and identities built. The focus is on modern biopolitical regimes, the actions to tame, to grippe and to discipline the life and bodies of population. In short, we address how the normalization and the otherness generate violence(s) toward people identified as no men: women, homosexual, lesbian, fag, transexual and foreigners; the inhabit of the feminine.Key word...
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