With over 58 million cases and 6 million deaths by August 2022, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARs-CoV-2), has had an insurmountable impact on the world’s population. This is one of the worst health crises since 1918’s influenza pandemic. There are four subvariants of Omicron; BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2 and BA.3. As a result of new mutations in its spike protein, most of which occur in its receptor binding site, the Omicron variant appears to be more transmissible and less resistant to vaccination and antibody response. Understanding Omicron’s virology and mutations is essential to developing diagnostic and therapeutic methods. A thorough assessment of control measures, as well as timely adjustment of control measures, requires addressing such issues as re-infection risk, vaccine response, booster vaccine doses, and the increased rate of Omicron infections. This review article aims to look at the current information about the different types of SARs-CoV-2, focusing on the new subtype BA.2.75.

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention is warning about a new outbreak of meningococcal meningitis among gay, bisexual, and other men that have sex with men (MSM) due to multiple cases reported in Florida. Meningococcal meningitis (MM) is a bacterial infection often spread by direct contact or through respiratory droplet dissemination from an infected person to a host. Meningitis can cause a wide range of complications, from thrombosis to cerebral edema or even septic shocks as the bacteria thrive on colonizing the submucosa of blood vessels adjacent to inflamed meninges. The CDC urged MSM to immediately take the MenACWY vaccine. 200 years ago, several outbreaks have been recorded of the disease throughout history, the first being in Africa in the 1840s. The world cannot afford more outbreaks and serious measures should be taken to contend with and contain such potential threats. In this review, we aim to provide an updated investigation of the bacterial infection relevant to the current global health status and a revision on what governments, policymakers, health providers, and individuals should do to prevent the further spread of this fatal disease.

Dear Editor,The present evolution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has led to the emergence of several new Omicron sub-variants, including BA.2.75, BA.4.6, XBB, and BQ.1. Recently, more attention is granted globally to the new Omicron sub-variants BQ.1 which has been designated as variant of interest by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) [1][2][3][4] . The omicron Q.1 subvariant is currently dominant in the United States and most European countries. It was first detected in early September 2022, and by November 21, it had been detected in 73 different countries and it made up 27.9% of the total SARS-CoV-2 cases In the United States [5] (Figs. 1, 2). Both BQ.1 and the related BQ.1.1 have surpassed BA.5, which only comprised 19.4% of cases and had been the dominant sub-variant just 2 weeks prior [8] . Therefore, epidemiologists expect BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 to be the key contributors to the upcoming surge in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), both BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 do not appear to have a clinical picture that sets them apart from earlier variations of SARS-CoV-2. [9,10] . Through modeling estimates, the ECDC predicts that by 2023 these variants could make up more than 80% of circulating SARS-CoV-2 cases worldwide, however [3,11] .

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