One of the major concerns of the world health community is the infertility. The definition of infertility according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) is the inability of a healthy couple to achieve a conception after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse. Fertility complications affect seven percent of the male. The causes of infertility were divided to non-obstructive and obstructive. But, in almost 75% of male infertility cases are idiopathic with predominance of the genetic abnormalities. Numerical or structural chromosomal abnormalities are considered as genetic abnormalities that occur during the meiotic division in spermatogenesis. These abnormalities get transferred to the Offspring, which affects the normal and even the artificial conception. In the human reproduction, sperm cells are considered as a delivery vehicle for the male genetic material packed in chromosomes, which are composed of nearly 2-meter Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule and their packaging proteins. This chapter points to grant a summarized description of individual components of the male reproductive system: the seminiferous tubule and spermatogenesis. Here, we describe step by step the structure of the testis seminiferous tubule and what occurs inside these tubules like cell communication and germ cell development from spermatogonia until spermatozoon. This book chapter is very useful for the biologists and physicians working in Assisted reproduction field to understand the physiology and pathology of spermatogenesis.

Background Endometriosis is a long-standing progressive disease that affects women of reproductive age. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is one of non-invasive blood biomarker that was detected in sera of endometriotic patients. The present study aimed to determine the accuracy of serum MIF in diagnosing endometriosis in women with infertility and chronic pelvic pain, and correlate its level to the stage of the disease. Methods Observational case-control study conducted at Fayoum University hospital from March 2016 till September 2018. Three hundred women candidate for diagnostic laparoscopy for either infertility or gynecologic chronic pelvic pain were included. The study group included patients with symptoms suggestive of endometriosis or chocolate cyst by ultrasound and proved by laparoscopy and histopathology. The control group included other causes of infertility or pelvic pain. All patients undergone either diagnostic or operative laparoscopy, and before laparoscopy blood sampling for quantitative measurement of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) protein in serum by ELISA technique. Results The level of serum MIF was significantly higher in endometriosis group compared to control group (1.75 ± 1.48 pg/ml and 0.51 ± 0.45 pg/ ml, respectively, P = < 0.001), with a progressive increase with advancing stage (stage I, 1.3 ± 1.03 pg/ml, stage II, 1.7 ± 1.57 pg/ml, stage III, 2.1 ± 1.19 pg/ml and in stage IV, 3.2 ± 2.6 pg/ml). Moreover, in patients presented with pain and infertile patients showed significantly higher levels of serum MIF (1.92 ± 1.13 vs 1.21 ± 1.17 and 1.82 ± 1.13 vs 1.32 ± 0.91 respectively with p -value < 0.001). ROC curve of serum MIF with a cut off value of 0.85 pg/ml or more achieves a sensitivity of 80.6%, specificity of 83.3%, positive predictive value of 82.9% and negative predictive value of 81.2%. Conclusion Serum MIF might be a promising marker not only for noninvasive diagnosis of endometriosis but as a target for detecting severity as well.

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Background Repeated implantation failure (RIF) is defined as the case whereby the transferred embryos fail to implant after several attempts of In vitro fertilization (IVF) which causes a profound impact on the quality of life and financial burden. Some clinical studies have confirmed that Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) can improve pregnancy outcomes and implantation rates. Hence, our study aims to compare the efficacy of G-CSF and HCG on pregnancy outcomes in RIF women who undergo intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Methods This randomized, single-blinded study was conducted et al.-Azhar University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt, between 10th October 2020 and 20th December 2020. The study included 100 women aged 20–43 years old undergoing ICSI cycles, with a history of RIF. Patients were divided randomly into two groups: group (1): included 50 patients injected with 500 IU of intrauterine HCG on embryo transfer day, and group (2): Included 50 patients injected with G-CSF on the embryo transfer day. Results In 100 RIF women, we found a significant improvement in pregnancy outcomes favoring G-CSF over HCG including implantation rate, chemical pregnancy, and clinical pregnancy (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0003, and P = 0.0006, respectively). Conclusion For the first time, we demonstrated a significant improvement in pregnancy outcomes favoring G-CSF over HCG in terms of implantation rate, chemical pregnancy, and clinical pregnancy. Trial registration The study was registered on Pan African Clinical Trials Registry with the following number: PACTR202010482774275 and was approved on 2nd October 2020.

Background: Complications linked to postpartum & pregnancy are one of the major causes of female death. In order to understand the causes of complications and encourage women to take sufficient action in order to receive emergency treatment, a critical step should therefore be taken to minimize complications related to pregnancy, in order to ensure the safety of both women and newborns. Aim of the work: Evaluate the effectiveness of the education programs for pregnant women on obstetric danger signs in rural areas and help minimize the incidence of pregnancy loss and comorbidities. Methods: A quasi-experimental design on 70 women from a population of through 372 women in six-month in antenatal clinics recruited from the previously mentioned settings with pre-and post-test was conducted at antenatal clinics (M.C.H centers) affiliated to the available geographical health zones in EL-fayoum rural area including: Al-sheikh hassan at sanorse. We collected the data of women characteristics by a self-administered interview questionnaire & a structured reported knowledge and practices checklist to evaluate pregnant women practices and knowledge. Follow up was done to the studied groups & histopathology assessments of the product of conception in cases of abortion secondary to the complications to compare between