BackgroundKnowledgeable people are more likely to follow their treatment plan and reduce hypertension morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to construct the validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the Hypertension Knowledge-Level Scale (HK-LS) among Saudis. MethodsThis cross-sectional questionnaire research targets hypertensives and non-hypertensives. Cronbach's alpha and Spearman's correlation matrix analysis measured the questionnaire's construct validity. Wilcoxon rank sum tests examined HK-LS tools' discriminant validity. A p<0.05 was considered significant. ResultsA total of 1424 responses were received. However, the 1419 individuals were evaluated after applying exclusion criteria. About 60% of the participants were female, with the most common age groups being 18-29 years (38.5%) and 40-49 years (24.0%). A personal history of hypertension was reported by 26.1%, and a family history of hypertension by 73.3% of the subjects. Cronbach's alpha for the whole HK-LS was 0.883, suggesting that the tool was reliable. All the items of the HK-LS questionnaire were significantly correlated with each other, except for a non-significant correlation between statements two and seven (r=0.05, p=0.091). The strongest correlations were apparent between items 19 and 20 (r=0.70, p<0.0001), items one and two (r=0.64, p<0.0001), and items 18 and 19 (r=0.56, p<0.0001). However, the weakest associations were reported among items two and six (r=0.06, p<0.05), items two and nine (r=0.07, p<0.05), and items one and 19 (r=0.07, p<0.05). The discriminant validity showed that a personal history of hypertension was associated with significantly higher scores of two HK-LS subscales, including definitions and complications. In addition, the overall knowledge score was significantly higher among participants with a positive history of hypertension among family and/or friends. ConclusionsThe Arabic version of the HK-LS was found to be a reliable and valid tool for measuring knowledge about hypertension among the Saudi population. This reliable instrument can assist medical professionals in establishing education programs.

BackgroundPregnancy is a unique physiological condition in which medication intake offers a challenge and a worry due to changed drug pharmacokinetics and drugs potentially crossing the placenta, such as beta blockers and benzodiazepines. As a result, medication safety during pregnancy has gained global interest, attracting attention from doctors and pregnant women, little of which has been documented regarding the Saudi population. Therefore, this study aimed to assess medication use and perceptions of medication use during pregnancy and breastfeeding among women in Saudi Arabia. MethodsThis study is a questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study. Data was collected through an online selfadministered questionnaire from different regions of Saudi Arabia. Data was then entered and analyzed using SPSS 24.0 version (IBM Inc., Chicago, USA) statistical software. ResultsA total of 1831 participants were included in the current study. About 835 (45.6%) of the participants were within the age group of 26-35 years old. A total of 602 (32.9%) were using medications on a daily basis or several times a week during pregnancy or breastfeeding. About 1476 (80.6%) participants agreed on medication use during pregnancy. About 66.4% of women would be worried about fetal malformations if they were supposed to take medications during pregnancy. About 940 (51.3%) women think that medication use during early pregnancy is harmful, and 500 (27.3%) think that medication use during breastfeeding trimesters is harmful. Regarding pregnant women's perception of herbal medicines, about (65.4%) of those with low educational levels think that herbal medicines are harmful in early pregnancy. Most participants (63%) within the age group of ≥36 years old think that medications and herbal medicines are harmful in early pregnancy. The vast majority (91%) of the participants would ask the physician working on antenatal care if they had concerns about using certain medications during pregnancy. ConclusionThe average use of medication and herbal medicines among pregnant women was noted, although many women had negative beliefs about taking certain medications. Continued effort is essential to support and encourage women to seek out reliable information sources regarding medication use during pregnancy. In addition, healthcare practitioners should be mindful of women's attitudes when counseling them to take medication during pregnancy.

BackgroundHypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular illness and premature death and is becoming more prevalent worldwide. To promote better educational strategies regarding hypertension, it is crucial to identify the most significant knowledge gaps among the general public. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of hypertension among the general public in Saudi Arabia. MethodologyA cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted in Saudi Arabia. The target population was the general public aged ≥18 in Saudi Arabia. Statistical analysis was conducted using RStudio (R version 4.1.1). Numerical data were described as mean ± standard deviation or median and interquartile range (IQR) whenever applicable. P-values <0.05 indicated statistical significance. ResultsA total of 1,404 respondents were collected. After exclusion, 1,399 records were analyzed in this study. More than half of the respondents were females (59.5%) aged 18-39 years (52.7%) and had a university degree (64.8%). Additionally, 46.0% were employed. Approximately one-quarter of the sample had hypertension (26.3%), while 73.3% had a family history of hypertension The median score was 16.0 (IQR = 12.0-18.0) with a minimum and a maximum of 0.0 and 22.0, respectively. Reliability testing revealed that knowledge items had a good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.859 based on 22 knowledge items). There was no significant association between knowledge and gender and having a personal history of hypertension. However, the knowledge score differed significantly by age, educational level, employment status, and having a family history of hypertension. On the multivariate analysis, knowledge scores were independently higher among participants in the higher age categories. Moreover, having a university degree, a postgraduate degree, and a family history of hypertension were independently associated with higher knowledge scores. ConclusionsThis study found that the general public in Saudi Arabia had good levels of knowledge about hypertension. Being knowledgeable about hypertension not only improves adherence to treatment plans among antihypertensive patients but also aids in avoiding its occurrence and consequences among nonhypertensive patients by adopting self-care. Serial and frequent studies on this issue are recommended to gather more evidence on this topic. Ongoing hypertension education is essential to enhance knowledge to minimize the burden of this prevalent issue.

Objectives: The objectives of the study are to measure the prevalence of the most common symptoms and different long-term otorhinolaryngology manifestations among COVID-19-positive patients in Saudi Arabia.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Data were collected using a Google form questionnaire sent to the study sample. The data were entered and then analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY).Results: A total of 13,530 COVID-19-positive adult patients were enrolled in the current study. The most reported initial symptom was fever (53.3%) followed by headache (49.3%), sore throat (48.9%), nasal congestion, rhinorrhea (42.1%), and loss of smell and/or loss of taste (37.8%). Regarding the continuation of the symptoms, vertigo was mentioned by 5852 (43.3%) followed by fever (16.1%) and blocked ear sensation (15.6%). Conclusion:The most commonly reported initial symptom was fever followed by headache. Interestingly, vertigo is a frequent long-term complication after a COVID-19 infection. Other otology-related symptoms include hearing loss and ear blockage, while rhinology and upper airway-related symptoms were less frequent in the long term after the acute phase of the infection.