Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens are based on the use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), which are the main drugs used by patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The use of NRTIs combinations has afforded clear clinical benefits to patients undergoing HAART. However, the combination of two NRTIs may increase the risk of genomic instability in comparison with the drugs administered individually. We analyzed the ability of zidovudine (AZT) and lamivudine (3TC), and the combination AZT +3TC to induce complex genomic alterations using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells. The 24-h cell treatment with individual NRTIs showed that AZT increased micronucleus frequencies and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs). No significant differences were observed for any parameters investigated after exposure of CHO-K1 cells to 3TC. The combination AZT +3TC significantly increased micronucleus frequencies. Analysis of interaction between these drugs suggested that antagonism occurs in all AZT +3TC concentrations. These results highlight the importance to investigate the genotoxic profile of NRTIs to develop safer intervention strategies in antiretroviral treatment protocols.
The history of muscle biopsy dates back to 1860, when Duchenne first performed a biopsy on a patient with symptoms of myopathy (1) . Since then, the basic and clinical science of muscle and muscle disease has gone through three stages of development: the classical period, the modern stage and the molecular era.
Introduction: Currently, it is well known that quality assurance systems in healthcare organizations are constantly evolving. Quality improvements can reduce costs by avoiding repetition of exams, which results in a waste of time and money for the company, as well as customer and physician dissatisfaction. Objective: To quantify the cost that errors in the pre-analytical phase generate for the laboratory using the collection indicators, direct material cost, and operating cost. Materials and methods: The database of a large laboratory in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, was analyzed between January 2013 and July 2014. Results: A total cost of R$ 23,330.71 spent on recollections was obtained. Discussion: Management cost is committed to efficiency in reducing expenses, through studies and analyzes aimed at changing management and conduct processes. Conclusion: Cost management is necessary in any company because in the case where it fails to be carried out, besides the being able to bring the institution down to bankrupt, it brings negative costs, as well as impacts customers and physician's satisfaction.
A bactéria Treponema pallidum é reconhecida mundialmente como o agente causador da sífilis. Essa infecção é capaz de promover sífilis congênita (SC), característica da ocorrência de transmissão vertical na gestação, podendo progredir para neurosífilis, e tendo como consequência a prematuridade e até mesmo aborto. A SC é um grave problema de saúde pública no mundo todo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a prevalência de sífilis congênita na maternidade do Hospital Nossa Senhora Aparecida de Camaquã/RS (HNSA). Este estudo transversal retrospectivo que incluiu todos os casos de SC ocorridos no ano de 2019, identificados pela busca ativa das gestantes no banco de dados informatizado do hospital. As variáveis qualitativas foram verificadas pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e exato de Fisher. Os dados quantitativos foram comparados pelo teste t de Student. Todas as análises foram bilaterais com nível de significância de 5% (p <0,05). A frequência para a Sífilis Gestacional (SG) foi de 4,4% (24/545), enquanto a SC foi detectada em 2,0% (11/545) da amostra. A frequência de SG foi superior nos meses de julho, novembro e dezembro de 2019 (p <0,05). A SG foi associada com a cor de pele da mãe (branca) e tempo de gestação (1º e 2º semestre), enquanto que a SC foi associada com a faixa etária das mães (21 a 25 anos) (p <0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre as idades dos casos de SG e SC e aqueles que apresentaram resultados negativos (p >0,05). Os resultados podem servir de base para desenvolver ações de promoção da saúde, prevenção e assistência as gestantes, buscando uma melhor compreensão dos fatores determinantes na abordagem da sífilis na gestação, seja por problemas no diagnóstico ou pelo tratamento oferecido à gestante e parceiro.
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