The effect of surrounding an electrically small dipole antenna with a shell of double negative (DNG) material (0 and 0) has been investigated both analytically and numerically. The problem of an infinitesimal electric dipole embedded in a homogeneous DNG medium is treated; its analytical solution shows that this electrically small antenna acts inductively rather than capacitively as it would in free space. It is then shown that a properly designed dipole-DNG shell combination increases the real power radiated by more than an order of magnitude over the corresponding free space case. The reactance of the antenna is shown to have a corresponding decrease. Analysis of the reactive power within this dipole-DNG shell system indicates that the DNG shell acts as a natural matching network for the dipole. An equivalent circuit model is introduced that confirms this explanation. Several cases are presented to illustrate these results. The difficult problem of interpreting the energy stored in this dipole-DNG shell system when the DNG medium is frequency independent and, hence, of calculating the radiation Q is discussed from several points of view.
The causality of waves propagating in a double-negative (DNG) metamaterial (epsilon (r)<0 and mu(r)<0) has been investigated both analytically and numerically. By considering the one-dimensional electromagnetic problem of a pulsed current sheet radiating into a DNG medium, it is shown that causality is maintained in the presence of a negative index of refraction only if the DNG medium is dispersive. A Drude model DNG medium is used in this study. Spectrograms of the wave phenomena in the dispersive DNG medium show that the higher frequency components, which create the leading edge of the electromagnetic signals and see a double positive (DPS) medium (epsilon (r)>0 and mu(r)>0), arrive causally before the negative index effects germinate completely. Comparisons with approximate analytical results demonstrate the presence of the negative index of refraction properties in the continuous wave portion of the signals. This dynamic pulse reshaping between the positive and negative index of refraction wave components causes an apparent delay in the realization of the negative index of refraction properties. Pulse broadening of the signal tails is associated with both dispersion and a larger negative index of refraction seen by the associated wave components.
Reciprocity between the power scattered by nested metamaterial shells and the power radiated by an antenna centered within those nested shells has been investigated. Resonant scattering caused by an incident, fundamental transverse-magnetic mode was found to be reciprocal to the power resonantly radiated by an electrically small electric dipole for a variety of configurations. These findings indicate that the power radiated by an electrically small antenna and scattered by an electrically small object can be significantly increased through the use of realizable metamaterials.
This paper discusses the principle of AC electroosmosis and its use to move the bulk of an electrically conducting fluid in a microchannel as an alternative to mechanical pumping methods. Previous EO driven flow research [1-3] has looked at the effect of electrode asymmetry and transverse traveling wave forms on the performance of electroosmotic pumps. This paper presents an analysis that was conducted to assess the effect of combining an AC signal with a DC bias when generating the electric field needed to impart electroosmosis within a micro-channel [4]. The analysis was done using COMSOL 3.5a in which previously developed equations [1-2] were embedded and used to evaluate the effects of the frequency of excitation, electrode array geometry, and the AC signal with a DC bias on the flow imparted on an electrically conducting fluid. A single type of fluid was simulated to date. Experimental flow measurements were performed on several pump configurations manufactured using typical MEMS fabrication techniques. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation data. They confirm that using an asymmetric electrode array excited by an AC signal with a DC bias leads to a significant improvement in flow rates in comparison to the flow rates obtained in an asymmetric electrode array configuration excited just with an AC signal.
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