Three years of behavioral data were collected on incubation behavior in one pair of captive condors (Gymnogyps californiunus) at the San Diego Wild Animal Park. Data were collected from daily video tape reviews of the nest box. The amount of time each bird was in the nest box, and whether it was on or off the egg were recorded, along with any aggressive interactions observed in the nest. For the first 2 years, the female incubated the egg(s) significantly more than the male. During the third year, the male increased his incubation time on the egg, resulting in no difference between the two sexes in incubation time. Changes in male incubation behavior may be a result of several factors: increased compatibility between the pair, social maturation, and/or increased dominance on the part of the male.
The lack of breeding behavior seen in some pairs of adult California condors, Gymnogyps californianus, is of great concern for the captive breeding program. One possible cause for absent or delayed breeding in what are otherwise seemingly compatible animals is inbreeding avoidance behavior. To examine this possibility, housing and reproduction records were examined for all adult California condors. The influence of housing on reproduction of birds that had been exclusively paired for at least one full breeding season was examined with linear regression, and the age of females at the age of exclusive pairing was shown to have a significant influence on fertility, which increased with increased age at pairing.
From the fall of 1987 to the spring of 1994, data on reproductive behavior were collected on seven different pairs of California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) housed at the San Diego Wild Animal Park. Behavioral data were collected from videotaped activities in their flight pens. Behaviors for this report include male and female displays and incomplete and complete copulations. Data on the time it took for females to recycle and lay another egg after egg removal were acquired from the California Condor Studbook. Male display rates were significantly higher than female rates throughout the breeding season. Males began displaying 52–132 days before the start of copulations. Copulations slowly increased from Day ‐51 and peaked ∼ Day ‐8, prior to egg laying. Female display rates were significantly more frequent at the end of the season after the last egg was laid. An average of 26.8 (±3.1 SEM) copulations occurred prior to egg laying. Copulations occurred throughout the day, with the higher mean percentages occurring between 0700 and 0900 hours. After egg removal, the interval between laying of the first and second eggs and between the second and third eggs had a mean of 34.1 (±10.1 SD) days. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From the fall of 1987 to the spring of 1994, data on reproductive behavior were collected on seven different pairs of California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) housed at the San Diego Wild Animal Park. Behavioral data were collected from videotaped activities in their flight pens. Behaviors for this report include male and female displays and incomplete and complete copulations. Data on the time it took for females to recycle and lay another egg after egg removal were acquired from the California Condor Studbook. Male display rates were significantly higher than female rates throughout the breeding season. Males began displaying 52-132 days before the start of copulations. Copulations slowly increased from Day -51 and peaked -Day -8, prior to egg laying. Female display rates were significantly more frequent at the end of the season after the last egg was laid. An average of 26.8 (k3.1 SEM) copulations occurred prior to egg laying. Copulations occurred throughout the day, with the higher mean percentages occurring between 0700 and 0900 hours. After egg removal, the interval between laying of the first and second eggs and between the second and third eggs had a mean of 34.1 (210.1 SD) days. 0 1996 Wiley-Liss, inc.
A data collection method using lap-top computers and bar codes was developed and used in behavioral research. The studies involved several common sampling methods and a variety of study subjects. Advantages and restrictions of the system are discussed. Overall, we found bar code technology to increase both efficiency and accuracy of behavioral data collection.
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