No abstract

The epiphyseal tubercle appears to be a major stabilizer, or keystone, of the capital femoral epiphysis and the lateral epiphyseal vessels. Its relative decrease in height and surface area with increasing age may help explain the susceptibility of individuals to SCFE in adolescence: in a stable SCFE, the physis rotates on the tubercle; however, in an unstable SCFE, the tubercle dislodges, leading to more substantial displacement of the capital femoral epiphysis and the lateral epiphyseal vessels, risking osteonecrosis.

To facilitate anatomic MPFL reconstruction, Schottle et al described a radiographic method to identify the MPFL femoral attachment on lateral radiographs in skeletally mature patients. Because of the complex physeal anatomy, much confusion exists concerning whether an MPFL femoral tunnel can be placed safely in the pediatric patient. The findings of this study suggest that anatomic MPFL reconstruction may be accomplished with a tunnel angled distally and anteriorly to avoid injury to the distal femoral physis.

Randomized Clinical Trial, Level II.

Level II-systematic review of level-II or level-I studies with inconsistent results.

No abstract

Phycomycetous mycorrhizal organisms, Endogene sp., were collected and maintained on strawberry roots in open-pot cultures by three methods: (1) transfer of a field-grown plant to a pot of steamed soil; (2) growing a strawberry runner for a time in potted, unsterilized field soil, followed by transplanting to steamed soil; and (3) inoculation of a strawberry runner in steamed soil with field-collected roots. After the mycorrhizae were well developed, extramatrical spores or vesicles were taken from the pots, disinfected, and used to establish permanent cultures on strawberry plants grown from runners in steamed soil. Eight morphologically different cultures were found among the 19 established. Six cultures are described.

Introduction: Participation of women in medicine has increased markedly in recent decades, but gender disparities still exist, particularly in academic medicine. To provide insight into the gender gap, specifically in academic orthopaedic sports medicine, we investigated the relationship between gender and authorship in orthopaedic sports literature from 1972 to 2018. Methods: Information about every original article in four prominent orthopaedic sports medicine journals between 1972 and 2018 was extracted from PubMed. The proportions of female first, second, middle, and senior authors over time were determined. Gender influences on level of evidence, academic degrees, and academic productivity and longevity were also studied. Student t-test, multiple linear regression, chi-square test, Cochran-Armitage trend test, and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to determine significance between groups. Results: In our sample, 16.6% of all authors were female. The proportion of female authors increased from 2.6% (1972 to 1979) to 14.7% (2010 to 2018). Female authors averaged fewer publications (1.9 versus 2.8 articles for male authors) and were more likely to be attributed middle authorship (45.9% versus 37.1%) than senior authorship (14.7% versus 22.1%, P < 0.001). Female authors were more likely to be full-time research staff, such as a PhD (18.2% versus 9.0%, P < 0.001), which correlated with a higher level of evidence (B = −0.162, P < 0.001). Gender differences in academic longevity decreased over decades (1972 to 1989, 1990 to 1999, 2000 to 2008), demonstrated by decreasing significance of Kaplan-Meier log-rank tests (<0.01, <0.01, 0.045). Conclusion: Female investigators in orthopaedic sports medicine are authoring publications at a growing rate, increasing almost sevenfold from 1972 to 2018. Although women published two-thirds the volume of male investigators overall, and were more likely to be full-time research staff, gender differences in academic productivity and longevity have decreased over time. Level of Evidence: Level III, Retrospective Cohort Design, Observational Study