The principal arterial supply of the head and neck are the two Common Carotid Arteries (CCA), they ascend in the neck and each divides into two branches, the External Carotid Artery (ECA) supplying the exterior of the head, neck and the Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) supplying the cranial and orbital cavities. Atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries is a major cause of stroke and transient ischemic attack and it increases with age. The present study was observational based descriptive type, conducted to identify the CCA bifurcation in relation to cervical vertebral level. A total number of 18 cadavers (16 males and 2 females), right and left side of cadavers were studied by dissection method in the Department of Anatomy, NMCTH from February 2020 to February 2021. The ethical approval was taken from NMC- IRC (Ref no- 026-076/077). In present study the frequency of CCA bifurcation in sixteen male Nepalese cadavers (32 samples) on the right and left side was observed and found high level of bifurcation on 31.25% and 37.5% respectively and normal/ standard on the right and left on 68.75% and 62.5% and there were no findings of low bifurcation of CCA. In two female cadavers (4 observations) the level of bifurcation was same on both the side at the level of C3-C4. The Carotid artery injury is possible in different neurological and head and neck surgery. Therefore, the knowledge of variation in level of bifurcation of CCA in different population will be referential to reduce the iatrogenic injury.

The human heart valve is an integral structure and the valvular heart disease is one of the most common disease of the heart. Such cardiac disease require repair of the valve and valve replacement surgery where the patient’s diseased valve is replaced by a prosthetic valve. The aim of this study was to measure the annular circumferences and diameters of tricuspid and mitral valves in cadavers. A morphometric study was conducted in Department of Anatomy at Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital where total 50 cadaveric hearts were taken up for the study. The tricuspid and the mitral valves were exposed by dissection method. Measurements were taken by using a thread and a digital vernier caliper and obtained data were analysed by using SPSS-16. The mean, frequency and standard deviation of circumferences and diameters of both tricuspid and the mitral valves were analysed and were found as (a) The mean annular circumference of tricuspid valve was 11.22 ± 0.20 cm (b) The mean diameter of tricuspid valve was 2.33 ± 0.04 cm. (c) The mean annular circumference of mitral valve was 9.22 ± 1.49 cm (d) the mean diameter of mitral valve was 2.01 ± 0.27 cm. There were few literatures available on the study of cadaveric heart valves in Nepal thus this study will provide a guideline to the clinicians, radiologists and also to cardiothoracic surgeons performing various valve surgeries to assess the prosthetic valve of appropriate size and to the anthropologists also to maintain a standardized data on cardiac valves as well.

Background and objectives: The present study was conducted to explore the mean age at menarche and associating factors among the Nepali school girls of Jorpati, Kathmandu. Materials and methods: The 500 girls of aged between 9-18 years were collected from the seven school of Gokarneshowr Municipality, Jorpati, Kathmandu after taking ethical clearance from NHRC. The healthy girls without any growth-related disorders and genetic abnormalities were included in the study. The consent was taken from the school authority and individual student by providing written consent and ascent form. The data thus collected were tabulated and analyzed by using SPSS 16. Results: The age at menarche of the respondents was 12.56 ±1.12years and menarchial age varied from 9-16 years. Similarly, the mean age at menarche of sisters and mothers were 12.96 ± 1.25 and 14.30 ± 1.58 respectively. The mean age at menarche of vegetarian group was 12.42 years as compared to non-vegetarian was 12.58 years. The lowest mean age at menarche was in Newar (12.30 years) and highest mean age at menarche in Limbu (13.33years). Followed by age at menarche in Brahmin (12.58 years), Chhetri (12.74 years), Rai (12.60 years), Lama (12.43 years), Gurung (12.66 years) and others (12.56 years). Conclusions: There was decrease in age at menarche with successive generation as a result of increase in urbanization, better dwelling and smaller family size as compared to previous generation.

Each kidney is usually supplied by a single renal artery which is a lateral branch of abdominal aorta at the level of L1.The arteries supplying the kidneys show variation in the number, source and branching pattern which also include the presence of an accessory or additional and aberrant renal arteries. The additional renal artery towards the lower pole will cross the corresponding ureter and even cause ureteric obstruction. The segmental branches of renal and additional renal arteries are end arteries thus the accidental damage to these arteries can cause ischemia or necrosis and other pathological conditions. The main objective of this study was to note the variations of the arteries supplying the kidneys. An observational study was conducted on thirty kidneys of fifteen cadavers which included the kidneys of both sides. The study was conducted in Department of Anatomy of Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital during the period between July 2018 to June 2019 and the variations were recorded as (a) single main renal arteries were found in 80% specimens on both sides (b) early division of main renal arteries were found in 16.66 % on both sides (c) origin of main renal arteries were at higher level on left side in 16.66 % (d) presence of additional renal arteries were found in 20% on both sides. This study will be helpful to cryosurgeons and also to radiologists performing various interventional radiological procedures.

Calot’s triangle is an anatomical space and also known as “triangle of cholecystectomy”. It is bounded medially by Common hepatic duct, laterally by cystic duct, and superiorly by the under surface of liver and its main contain is Cystic artery. The variation in the origin and course of the cystic artery can cause serious problems resulting, severe arterial bleeding during any surgical procedures. Hence, variations in the Calot’s triangle are very important for the surgeons. An observational cross sectional study was carried out in Department of Anatomy of two Medical Colleges in Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 30 embalmed human cadavers were dissected, in 27 cases (90.0%), cystic artery arose from right hepatic arteries, the mean length was 11.47 mm. One (3.3%) cystic artery arose from proper hepatic artery, one (3.3%) from superior mesenteric artery and one (3.3%) from accessory hepatic artery and the length of the cystic arteries were found to be measured as 15.88 mm, 27.49 mm and 24.17 mm respectively. The cystic artery was also found to be lying inside and outside the Calot‘s triangle in 96.7% and 3.3% respectively. In 26 cases (86.7%) cystic arteries were observed as passing posterior to the common hepatic duct. Further in 2 cases (6.7%) cystic arteries were found to be lying anterior to the common hepatic duct. Result also showed as in 1 case (3.3%) it was running anterior to the bile duct and in 1 case (3.3%) between right and left hepatic ducts. In conclusion the variations in the origin and course of the cystic artery are essential in performing cholecystectomy (open or laparoscopic).