Long-standing controversial reports of electron transfer from KO tBu to benzophenone have been investigated and resolved. The mismatch in the oxidation potential of KO tBu (+0.10 V vs SCE in DMF) and the first reduction potential of benzophenone (of many values cited in the literature, the least negative value is -1.31 V vs SCE in DMF), preclude direct electron transfer. Experimental and computational results now establish that a complex is formed between the two reagents, with the potassium ion providing the linkage, which markedly shifts the absorption spectrum to provide a tail in the visible light region. Photoactivation at room temperature by irradiation at defined wavelength (365 or 400 nm), or even by winter daylight, leads to the development of the blue color of the potassium salt of benzophenone ketyl, whereas no reaction is observed when the reaction mixture is maintained in darkness. So, no electron transfer occurs in the ground state. However, when photoexcited, electron transfer occurs within a complex formed from benzophenone and KO tBu. TDDFT studies match experimental findings and also define the electronic transition within the complex as n → π*, originating on the butoxide oxygen. Computation and experiment also align in showing that this reaction is selective for KO tBu; no such effect occurs with NaO tBu, providing the first case where such alkali metal ion selectivity is rationalized in detail. Chemical evidence is provided for the photoactivated electron transfer from KO tBu to benzophenone: tert-butoxyl radicals are formed and undergo fragmentation to form (acetone and) methyl radicals, some of which are trapped by benzophenone. Likewise, when KOC(Et) is used in place of KO tBu, then ethylation of benzophenone is seen. Further evidence of electron transfer was seen when the reaction was conducted in benzene, in the presence of p-iodotoluene; this triggered BHAS coupling to form 4-methylbiphenyl in 74% yield.

Recent studies by Stoltz, Grubbs et al. have shown that triethylsilane and potassium tert‐butoxide react to form a highly attractive and versatile system that shows (reversible) silylation of arenes and heteroarenes as well as reductive cleavage of C−O bonds in aryl ethers and C−S bonds in aryl thioethers. Their extensive mechanistic studies indicate a complex network of reactions with a number of possible intermediates and mechanisms, but their reactions likely feature silyl radicals undergoing addition reactions and SH2 reactions. This paper focuses on the same system, but through computational and experimental studies, reports complementary facets of its chemistry based on a) single‐electron transfer (SET), and b) hydride delivery reactions to arenes.

Synthesized, isolated, and characterized by X‐ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopic studies, lithium phosphidoaluminate iBu3AlPPh2Li(THF)3 has been tested as a catalyst for hydrophosphination of alkynes, alkenes, and carbodiimides. Based on the collective evidence of stoichiometric reactions, NMR monitoring studies, kinetic analysis, and DFT calculations, a mechanism involving deprotonation, alkyne insertion, and protonolysis is proposed for the [iBu3AlHLi]2 aluminate catalyzed hydrophosphination of alkynes with diphenylphosphine. This study enhances further the development of transition‐metal‐free, atom‐economical homogeneous catalysis using common sustainable main‐group metals.

Potassium hydride behaves uniquely and differently than sodium hydride toward aryl halides. Its reactions with a range of haloarenes, including designed 2,6-dialkylhaloarenes, were studied in THF and in benzene. In THF, evidence supports concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution, CS N Ar, and the mechanism originally proposed by Pierre et al. is now validated through DFT studies. In benzene, besides this pathway, strong evidence for single electron transfer chemistry is reported. Experimental observations and DFT studies lead us to propose organic super electron donor generation to initiate BHAS (base-promoted homolytic aromatic substitution) cycles. Organic donor formation originates from deprotonation of benzene by KH; attack on benzene by the resulting phenylpotassium generates phenylcyclohexadienylpotassium that can undergo (i) deprotonation to form an organic super electron donor or (ii) hydride loss to afford biphenyl. Until now, BHAS reactions have been triggered by reaction of a base, MOtBu (M = K, Na), with many different types of organic additive, all containing heteroatoms (N or O or S) that enhance their acidity and place them within range of MOtBu as a base. This paper shows that with the stronger base, KH, even a hydrocarbon (benzene) can be converted into an electron-donating initiator.

A DFT investigation into the mechanism for the decomposition of Grubbs 2nd generation pre-catalyst (2) in the presence of methanol, is presented. Gibbs free energy profiles for decomposition of the pre-catalyst (2) via two possible mechanisms were computed. We predict that decomposition following tricyclohexylphosphane dissociation is most favoured compared to direct decomposition of the pre-catalyst (2). However, depending on the reaction conditions, an on-pathway mechanism may be competitive with ruthenium hydride formation.

N-Arylindoles are transformed into dihydroacridines in a new type of rearrangement, through heating with triethylsilane and potassium tert-butoxide.

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The search for reactions where KOtBu and other tert-alkoxides might behave as single electron donors led us to explore their reactions with tetrahalomethanes, CX4, in the presence of adamantane. We recently reported the halogenation of adamantane under these conditions. These reactions appeared to mirror the analogous known reaction of NaOH with CBr4 under phase-transfer conditions, where initiation features single electron transfer from a hydroxide ion to CBr4. We now report evidence from experimental and computational studies that KOtBu and other alkoxide reagents do not go through an analogous electron transfer. Rather, the alkoxides form hypohalites upon reacting with CBr4 or CCl4, and homolytic decomposition of appropriate hypohalites initiates the halogenation of adamantane.