Analysis 1.4. Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 4 Woman's perception of pain relief during first stage of labour..... Analysis 1.5. Comparison 1 Epidural versus opioids, Outcome 5 Woman's perception of pain relief during the second stage of labour..

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A large number of postoperative pulmonary outcome measures have been used, but most are poorly defined. Our four recommended outcome measures include a new definition of postoperative pulmonary complications, incorporating an assessment of severity. These definitions will meet the needs of most clinical effectiveness trials of treatments to improve postoperative pulmonary outcomes.

This review shows that the presence of parents during induction of general anaesthesia does not diminish their child's anxiety. Potentially promising non-pharmacological interventions such as parental acupuncture; clowns/clown doctors; playing videos of the child's choice during induction; low sensory stimulation; and hand-held video games need further investigation in larger studies.

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All three scales correlated reasonably well with each other but have individual limitations in their potential to assess whether ED is present. In the absence of developing an improved research tool to assess ED, a PAED score >12 appears to provide greater sensitivity and specificity than a PAED score > or =10. However, the Watcha scale is a simpler tool to use in clinical practice and may have a higher overall sensitivity and specificity than the other scales.

Analysis 2.5. Comparison 2 Combined spinal-epidural versus low-dose epidural, Outcome 5 Number of women who mobilise....

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