Today, electric vehicles available in the market aspire to offer different connections to the end user, for instance, Vehicle to Grid (V2G), Vehicle to Building (V2B), Vehicle to Home (V2H), Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), and Vehicle to Load (V2L), among others. Notwithstanding these versatility options toward the development of a sustainable society, the additional degradation of the energy storage systems once those operate in extra discharge modes is inevitable. Therefore, in this paper, an energy management strategy (EMS) which operates autonomously and noninvasively as an additional layer to the battery management system (BMS) is proposed. The EMS limits the current flow avoiding high and low temperatures, low state of charge (SoC), high deep of discharge (DoD), noncentered DoD around an optimal SoC point, and high charge and discharge rates. The proposed EMS is evaluated by long-term simulations with a Li-Ion battery degradation model and realistic weather conditions, during standard driving cycles including the V2L operation. The effectiveness and simplicity of tuning of the proposed EMS allow estimating and increasing the life expectancy of the Li-Ion battery bank, by limiting the energy used for V2L operation.
Paralleled boost asymmetric configurations operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) are suitable for integrating dissimilar green energy generating sources and control algorithms in versatile scenarios where voltage step-up, low cost, stable operation, low output ripple, uncomplicated design, and acceptable efficiency are needed. Unfortunately, research has mainly been conducted on the buck, sepic, switched-capacitor, among other asymmetric configurations operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM), to the authors’ knowledge. For asymmetric boost type topologies, achieving simultaneous CCM is not a trivial task, and other problems such as circulating currents arise. Research for interleaved converters cannot be easily extended to asymmetric boost topologies due to the dissimilarity of control algorithms and types of sources and parallel stages. This paper analytically establishes properties of stability, output ripple, output voltage, and design for asymmetrical paralleled boost converters operating in DCM with simultaneous or phase delayed (sequential) triggering. A 300 W experimental design and the respective tests allow validation of such properties, resulting in an easy-to-implement configuration with acceptable efficiency.
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