In this paper we describe algorithms for generating NC tool paths for machining of arbitrarily shaped 2 l/2 dimensional pockets with arbitrary islands. These pocketing algorithms are based on a new offsetting algorithm presented in this paper. Our offsetting algorithm avoids costly two-dimensional Boolean set operations, relatively expensive distance calculations, and the overhead of extraneous geometry, such as the Voronoi diagrams, used in other pocketing algorithms.

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The vadose zone plays an important role in the hydrologic cycle. Various geophysical methods can determine soil water content variations in time and space in volumes ranging from a few cubic centimeters to several cubic meters. In contrast to the established methods, time‐lapse gravity measurements of changes in soil water content do not rely on a petrophysical relationship between the measured quantity and the water content but give a direct measure of the mass change in the soil. Only recently has the vadose zone been systematically incorporated when ground‐based gravity data are used to infer hydrologic information. In this study, changes in the soil water content gave rise to a measurable signal in a forced infiltration experiment on a 107‐m2 grassland area. Time‐lapse gravity data were able to constrain the van Genuchten soil hydraulic parameters in both a synthetic example and a field experiment with forced infiltration. The most significant reduction in parameter uncertainty was achieved for the saturated water content, while gravity data had some ability to constrain the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the van Genuchten n Cross‐borehole ground penetrating radar data were used to support the interpretation and control of the gravity data.