Background: Despite the significant research and development of COVID-19 diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, the virus still poses a concern, particularly to groups that are already vulnerable. Several individuals experienced cardiac problems like myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, and pericarditis after they had recovered from the infection. Early diagnosis and timely management of sequelae are part of the therapy. However, there are gaps in the knowledge of the diagnostic and definitive treatment options for COVID-19 myocarditis. This review focuses on myocarditis associated with COVID-19. Objective: This systemic review provides the most recent overview of myocarditis caused by COVID-19, including clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, available treatments, and outcomes. Methods: The PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect servers were used to conduct a systematic search in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines. Boolean search terms included “(COVID-19)” OR “(COVID19)” OR “(COVID-19 VIRUS INFECTION)” AND “(MYOCARDITIS)”. The results were tabulated and analyzed. Results: A total of 32 studies, including 26 case reports and 6 case series, were included in the final analysis, and 38 cases of COVID-19-associated myocarditis were analyzed. Middle-aged men constituted the most affected population (60.52%). Dyspnoea (63.15%), chest pain or discomfort (44.73%), and fever (42.10%) were the prevalent presentations. ST-segment abnormalities were reported in 48.38% of cases on electrocardiography testing. Leucocytic infiltration (60%) was the frequent finding obtained on endomyocardial biopsy. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging yielded myocardial oedema (63.63%), and late gadolinium enhancement (54.54%) as the most common findings. Reduced ejection fraction (75%) was the frequent result obtained on echocardiography. Corticosteroids (76.31%) and immunomodulators (42.10%) were the well-established in-hospital medications. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (35%) was the most common intervention used to support the treatment. The frequent in-hospital complications were cardiogenic shock (30.76%), followed by pneumonia (23.07%). The mortality rate was 7.9%. Conclusion: Early detection and timely management of myocarditis are essential to reduce the risk of developing further complications. It is crucial to emphasize the need to evaluate COVID-19 as a possible cause of myocarditis in populations that are young and healthy to avoid fatal consequences.
The human monkeypox virus is a zoonotic infection that is closely related to smallpox virus. It more commonly exists in forested habitats of western and central Africa. In the recent outbreak of the monkeypox virus, the total number of positive cases escalated to 32,760 and 12 deaths were reported so far. With rodents being primary reservoirs, the virus spreads through animals, fomites, respiratory droplets and, direct contact. It typically presents as a vesiculo-pustular rash along with fever, headache, malaise and chills. Taking this clinical spectrum into consideration, differential diagnosis to rule out smallpox is very much significant. Though there are no licensed therapies for monkeypox, treatment regimens and vaccination for small pox can also be used for monkeypox. Effective prevention relies on avoiding contact and limiting respiratory exposure with the infected patients by following standard precautions. This review article gives an insight into epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, transmission, vaccination, and prevention of infection.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. It is caused either due to defective secretion of insulin or due to increased insulin resistance of peripheral tissue. The incidence of DM has increased in past decade due to sedentary lifestyle, altered dietary patterns, obesity etc. DM increases morbidity and mortality of individuals, thereby requiring great attention. In recent era, insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents are used in majority to treat DM. Recent studies have shown that simple lifestyle changes like dietary changes, yoga and physical exercise are highly beneficial in reducing the burden of disease. This review focusses on yoga as an intervention in reducing the morbidity from the disease. It highlights the benefits of yoga over physical exercise in halting the progress of disease. Physical exercise is not feasible in patients with obesity, cardio vascular diseases and older age group. Yoga is a physical, psychological and spiritual intervention that is more feasible than physical exercise.
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