A comparative preliminary study on the phytochemistry and antibacterial effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves and latex of Calotropis procera on four pathogenic clinical bacterial isolates namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella species and Pseudomonas species was carried out using paper-disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques. The results obtained revealed that ethanol was the best extractive solvent for a fraction with antibacterial properties of the C. procera leaves and latex. Generally, the aqueous extracts showed no activity on the isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the leaf ethanolic extract was 1000 -2000 µg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the latex ethanolic extract was 2000 µg/ml. Phytochemical analysis of the leaf and latex extracts showed the presence of tannins, steroids, saponins and flavonoids while alkaloids were absent in both extracts. Generally, the antibacterial effects of the plant parts revealed that the leaf extracts had stronger activity in comparison with those of the latex.

This study investigates the phytochemicals, antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa methanol leaves extract in alloxan induced diabetic wistar rat by administering graded oral doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days. Results revealed that the methanol leaf extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa contains 51.90±3.89 mg/100g of tannins, 102.56±6.89 mg/100g of saponins, 54.78±3.89 mg/100g of alkaloids, 67.45±3.87 mg/100g of flavonoids and 121.54±5.67 mg/100g of phenols. The extract showed dosed dependent significant (p<0.05) antidiabetic activity with significant improvement in body weight. The extract also resulted in significant (p<0.05) reduction serum cholesterol, triglycerides. LDL-cholesterol level and increase HDL-cholesterol when compared with untreated control. In conclusion, this study demonstrates, for the first time, that Hibiscus sabdariffa is effective in inhibiting hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in diabetes condition.

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Education is vital in any type of society for the conservation of lives of its associates and the preservation of the public formation. The rationale of this chapter is not only to reveal the role of technology in education but also to reveal the factors affecting the proper utilization and adoption of technology in education. Prior studies carried out by researchers confirm that technology utilization and adoption in education undeniably helps teachers and learners in the teaching and learning process. This chapter serves as a stepping stone to support teachers to do better in utilizing and adopting technology in education to a certain extent as an alternative of overlooking their thoughts, efforts and desires in blindly trying to vie with the swift change of technology in education in this epoch. Hence, this chapter discusses technology in education, the roles of technology in education, factors associated with technology utilization and adoption in education and the factors that limit the proper utilization and adoption of technology in education.

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