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Reconfiguration of an electrical power radial distribution network is aimed at finding a radial operating structure that minimizes the system active power loss, enhancing the system voltage profile via reducing the active power losses whilst satisfying operating constraints is one of the most important measures of improving the operational performance of a distribution system. In this paper, an efficient approach to solving the problem of reconfiguration considering active power loss, total voltage deviation for a typical distribution network. The method developed is based on improved genetic algorithm to determine the optimal location of tie and sectionalizing switches, with a view to yield an optimal performance for the network. The reconfiguration model was implemented using MATLAB R2016a simulation environment. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed model was tested on a 16, 33 and 69 IEEE-Bus standard systems for distribution network. The results show that with a reduction of 8.86%, 31.15% and 53.53% in active power loss as compared to the initial configuration, whilst a total voltage deviation of 0.0284p.u., 0.0622p.u and 0.0517p.u for 16, 33 and 69 IEEE Bus respectively.

This paper is an attempt to analyse the Electronic Transaction Statement of the ProblemElectronic transaction is relatively a new phenomenon in Nigeria. Electronic transaction has been a key component in the trend towards globalization and the creation of the "e-society" as one of the driving forces transforming society worldwide. Some view electronic transaction as a source of problems, others realized that it also offers many opportunities to fulfil their role more effectively and meet the increased expectations of effective transactions. Some of the benefits of electronic transactions are prevented from being realized because of lack of legislative enactment.The rapid development of information technology had brought unprecedented influence on the life of millions of people around the globe. Various activities were handled electronically through the adoption of ICT in the workplace or at home, for example, e-mail, e-commerce and e-government. The internet had become a significant part of daily life for both consumers and business enterprises especially in developed countries 1 Despite a rather late start, available statistics indicate that information and communication technology (ICT) is rapidly gaining ground in Nigeria. Due to its many possibilities, ICTs constitute veritable tools for socio-economic development, which makes the legal and regulatory environment for their application in developing countries critical. ICTs have brought about significant changes in business practices with respect to banking transactions and, to some extent, the buying and selling of goods and services, through the possibilities of the medium to promote trade and commerce through wider access to prospective customers from anywhere on the globe for products and services. 2 There is a growing interest and awareness of e-business coupled with a proliferation of websites especially by Nigerian banks, which was facilitated by advances in telecommunications and information technology. Already a number of Nigerian banks' websites have the capability of supporting and actually permitting the conduct of e-banking and ecommerce. This is inevitable if the banks are to be able to compete at the global financial landscape. Electronic commerce in Nigeria presents major challenges not only the regulatory authorities and government agencies but also the operators. These include amongst others:-the need to have in place certain basic infrastructural facilities such as effective and efficient electricity supply and telecommunications, Skilled manpower to use and maintain internet resources, a legal and regulatory framework that will guide the conduct of electronic commerce in Nigeria.

Nature-inspired algorithms are very popular tools for solving optimization problems inspired by nature. However, there is no guarantee that optimal solution can be obtained using a randomly selected algorithm. As such, the problem can be addressed using trial and error via the use of different optimization algorithms. Therefore, the proposed study in this paper analyzes the time-complexity and efficacy of some nature-inspired algorithms which includes Artificial Bee Colony, Bat Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization. For each algorithm used, experiments were conducted several times with iterations and comparative analysis was made. The result obtained shows that Artificial Bee Colony outperformed other algorithms in terms of the quality of the solution, Particle Swarm Optimization is time efficient while Artificial Bee Colony yield a worst case scenario in terms of time complexity.