Since infectious foot ulcers represent one of the major causes of lower-limb amputation, it calls for an appropriate action for early detection and sufficient treatment of diabetic foot infection (DFI). The present study aimed at investigating the bacterial epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of DFIs in Iran. We have conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Scientific Information Database to identify all articles reporting the proportion of different kinds of bacteria isolated from Iranian DFI samples. Quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute tool. A pooled estimate of proportion with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated using the random effect method. Fifteen studies were eligible, of which 1970 bacterial isolates were obtained from 1316 patients. The most predominant isolates recovered from DFIs was Staphylococcus aureus with a pooled proportion of 24.29% (95% CI: 20.25%, 28.57%) from which 55% (95% CI: 38%, 72%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Among Gram-negative strains, Escherichia coli had the highest proportion (17.19%; 95% CI: 13.96%, 20.68%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 7.54% (95% CI: 4.56%, 11.14%). The highest pooled estimates of resistance against cotrimoxazole and ciprofloxacin were found in S. aureus 66% (95% CI: 48%, 82%) and E coli isolates 68% (95% CI: 51%, 84%), respectively. Our study revealed that AMR is at a high level in Iran and clinicians should be aware of bacterial resistance patterns to prescribe appropriate antibiotic regimens.
Background: Tamoxifen (TAM) is widely used for adjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients. Tamoxifen therapy may lead to serious side effects. Anti-apoptotic substances in combination with chemotherapy drugs can result in additive or synergistic effects. Lauryl gallate (LG), a Gallic acid derivative, has been proven to inhibit tumor growth, without affecting normal cells. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of TAM and LG in breast cancer cell line (MCF-7).
Methods: In this experimental study, performed in ShahreKord University of Medical Science, Iran in 2017, the MCF-7 cells were treated by final concentrations of 10 μM TAM alone, and in combination with 200 μM of LG. We also used EX-527, as SIRT-1 inhibitor to examine the role of SIRT1 in cell apoptosis. BCL-2 and SIRT1 gene expression were measured by real-time PCR method, and cell apoptosis was investigated by flow cytometry.
Results: Tamoxifen alone and in combination with LG decreased BCL-2 expression 2.64±0.75 and 6.38±1.9 fold, respectively, after 48 h (P<0.05). SIRT1 expression was increased 1.67±0.22 and 2.47±0.34 - fold by TAM alone and in combination with LG, respectively (P<0.05). TAM alone and in combination with LG increased the percentage of apoptotic cells 15.79±2.81 and 60.67±6.23 percent, respectively after 48 h (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The combination of LG and TAM is more effective for induction of apoptosis of breast cancer cells, compared to individual use of each. Thus, our data pave the way for new therapeutic options for suppressing breast cancer growth.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has been the main category of metabolic diseases in recent years due to changes in lifestyle and environmental conditions such as diet and physical activity. On the other hand, the circadian rhythm is one of the most significant biological pathways in humans and other mammals, which is affected by light, sleep, and human activity. However, this cycle is controlled via complicated cellular pathways with feedback loops. It is widely known that changes in the circadian rhythm can alter some metabolic pathways of body cells and could affect the treatment process, particularly for metabolic diseases like T2DM. The aim of this study is to explore the importance of the circadian rhythm in the occurrence of T2DM via reviewing the metabolic pathways involved, their relationship with the circadian rhythm from two perspectives, lifestyle and molecular pathways, and their effect on T2DM pathophysiology. These impacts have been demonstrated in a variety of studies and led to the development of approaches such as time-restricted feeding, chronotherapy (time-specific therapies), and circadian molecule stabilizers.
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