Women empowerment is one of the most important that has been discussed in developing countries. In this paper, an attempt is made to explore the determinants that have an influence on women empowerment in Pakistan. Sample consisted on 200 female respondents from two renowned universities in Lahore. The empirical results showed that the content of education, economic participation of women, poverty and economic opportunity available for women increases their empowerment. In this study, apart from conventional variables, a variable, Women having a bank account was also tested which showed a extreme significant positive impact on women empowerment. This supports the economic opportunity available to the woman increases their power. Finally, it is concluded that these significant factors influences empowerment of women, so one can focus on these determinants to increase and enhance women's role in our society.
The objective of this study is to identify the significant determinants of firms’ dividend policy across different sectors in Pakistan. Using data on 75 companies listed on the KSE 100 index for the period 2005 to 2010, we find that profitable firms tend to give higher dividends than loss-making firms. Firm size has a negative relationship with the dividend payout ratio and dividend yield, indicating that, the larger the firm, the more likely it is to retain cash to pay off its liabilities. Growth in sales is positively related to dividend yield, whereby an increase in sales leads to higher profitability and higher dividend payments. Ownership concentrated within institutions (such as banks and insurance companies), the management/family, and individuals has a negative impact on the payout ratio. Institutional owners are more likely to retain excess cash and thus omit dividends, individual owners prefer capital gains to dividends given the tax deduction, and management- or family-owned firms avoid dividends, which lead to increased agency problems. Finally, the market-to-book ratio is negative and highly significant: firms with better growth opportunities rely on internal financing more than on generating external funds.
The aim of this study is to test the impact of women's job satisfaction on their turnover intentions, specifically for those employed in the education sector. Using a sample drawn from two different universities in Lahore, Pakistan, we measure their levels of job satisfaction by evaluating their general working conditions, pay and potential for promotion, professional relationships, use of skills and abilities, and activities assigned. We find that flexible working hours, workplace location, performance appraisal, and skills utilization have a highly positive significance on turnover intentions, while professional autonomy, job security, and promotion have an inverse impact on job satisfaction and turnover intentions.
The concept in this study has been derived from different theories from different disciplines. Utility theory by economists, is, every consumer expects some kind of utility from goods or services. Prospect theory has probably done more to bring psychology into the heart of economic analysis than any other approach. Expected utility theory focuses on how decisions under some uncertain situations should be made (a prescriptive approach), whereas prospect theory focuses on certainty of the situation and how decisions are actually made in such conditions (a descriptive approach). The aim of the current study was to determine whether Post-Purchase Regret that is caused among consumers due to internal feelings, which in our case was Compulsive Buying as a result of the Materialistic and Status oriented values prevalent among the people, that affects Post-Purchase Regret which could also caused by Unplanned Buying resulting from external factors. This post-purchase regret is mostly the result of compulsive or unplanned buying, a consumer might not had in mind to buy a certain product but occasionally because of product packaging, sales promotion or even just to make him/herself feel better, compulsively buys a product even though their finances are not capable enough to undergo such purchases. Changing social dynamics in developing countries might create negative circumstances for individuals, such circumstances might lead to compulsive buying being an escape solution for the individual, a condition similar to consumers in the western world. Despite the cultural differences, consumers from developing countries share some common tendencies and behaviors with consumers in advanced economies with respect to compulsive buying. The increasing prevalence of compulsive buying in different cultures indicates that it is not solely a Western problem. Due to the potential negative consequences of compulsive buying with regards to the evidence available in the developing countries, it is imperative to research on compulsive buying within the Pakistani context to find out whether the instances of compulsive buying are currently present in Pakistan or not, and if so, whether it has spread on a large scale as to effect the lives of the consumers in a negative way as it did in the western world or not. A sample of 308 college students filled the questionnaires for this study. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) we found a significant impact of materialism; passion defined success, acquisitions as the pursuit of happiness and acquisition centrality, on compulsive buying leading to a significant impact on Post-Purchase Regret.
Pakistan’s multinational companies have strong potential for growth and represent a large and increasing number of consumers. Unfortunately, their sales have been affected by certain factors. This study identifies these factors using a mixed-methods approach and qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews and focus groups. We administered 100 questionnaires among the employees of two large tobacco manufacturers. The results indicate that brand switching, product development, product mix, point of sale, competition, and price are significant factors that affect sales in the tobacco industry.
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