During his term of presidency (2004–2014), Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) was heavily criticised for excessive use of English when making formal speeches in Indonesian, a linguistic phenomenon of mixing languages known as code-switching. Such criticisms reflect an ambivalence towards English that is influenced by nationalistic sentiment. By analysing a range of presidential speeches, we reveal that SBY’s code-switching was highly variable but not random, and depended largely on particular audiences, topics and domains. Despite certain instances where SBY avoided English code-switching, which suggests nationalistic self-positioning, findings show SBY frequently engaged in code-switching as part of his communicative repertoire. We argue that SBY used code-switching as part of his pragmatic competence to strategically enhance his credibility and authority. This demonstrates how English code-switching can be used strategically to enhance a leader’s political discourse in an Indonesian context.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has changed behavioural norms and how people conceptualise everyday life. It has led to prolific use of specific terminology that is new or was previously outside the lexical boundaries of common use. Terms like ‘social distancing’, ‘lockdown’ and ‘new normal' were previously jargon limited to specialist fields. The COVID-19 pandemic which spread globally in 2020 has led to great social change and an associated lexical influence. To study this phenomenon, we examine the lexical effects of COVID-19 on the Indonesian language, through analysis of two well-known Indonesian national newspapers – Kompas and Suara Pembaruan, for the month of May 2020. This was at a time of growing awareness of COVID-19 in Indonesia, that included a partial lockdown in Jakarta. As such, there was a great deal of attention to COVID-19 in the mass media. To study this, we apply quantitative content analysis to the sample data to identify the range and frequency of words borrowed from English. We examine this use of code-switching to also undertake qualitative analysis, exploring the various socio-linguistic dimensions of those borrowed terms. Some usage was found to address lexical gaps in Indonesian language, where other usage appeared more for stylistic, emphatic purposes, drawing on the semiotic power of English in the Indonesian context. Code-switching reiteration was particularly prominent in the sample data. We argue that through code-switching reiteration, the print media can introduce new foreign vocabulary to Indonesian readers, which subsequently generates opportunities for language change. COVID-19 has expedited this process, meaning that there has been an increased likelihood of Indonesian language change during 2020.

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