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This paper argues that family therapists have tended to ignore the problem of how to engage children in family therapy, and it presents a number of techniques specifically aimed at involving children in therapy. The sociohistorical context of childhood is discussed and its implications for therapists examined. A number of visual techniques are then described, illustrated by case examples. These serve the function of addressing the whole family system on a number of levels and involving children fully in the process of therapy.

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Automation is an integral part of modern aviation operations. However, the discipline of human factors has long acknowledged its limitations and called for improved design. The aim of this study was to analyse automation-related incidents and accidents in aviation to identify recurring contributory factors. Sixteen investigation reports for incidents and accidents involving automated systems were included in the study. The reports were analysed using the AcciMap approach and a contributory factor classification scheme was applied. Results showed that multiple interacting factors from across aviation systems contribute to automation-related incidents and accidents. The most frequently identified contributory factors were associated with situation awareness, compliance with procedures and unsafe acts, judgement and decision making, design of the automation, and organizational policy and procedures relating to use of the automation. It is suggested that improving the design of automated systems to better support situation awareness, decision making and air crew performance generally would provide a safety benefit.