National-, community-, and college-based studies have documented the high prevalence of sexual assault among African American women. Although African American women experience sexual assault at alarming rates, they are less likely to disclose or seek help in the aftermath of sexual assault. The purpose of this literature review is to provide a critique of the current literature examining the barriers to disclosure for African American women, such as intrapsychic factors, the damaging effect of an unsupportive response to initial disclosure, stigmatization of African American female sexuality, apprehension regarding racism, and racial loyalty. The authors provide a summary of the literature, gaps in current empirical studies, and needs for future study. Culturally relevant intervention recommendations are described. Finally, implications for sexual assault policy are provided.

Articles you may be interested inVibrational and rotational energy transfers involving the CH B Σ − 2 v = 1 vibrational level in collisions with Ar, CO, and N 2 O We describe a quantitative angular momentum ͑AM͒ model for predicting rotational transfer ͑RT͒ and vibrotational transfer ͑VRT͒ in collisions between CO 2 and hot H atoms. This molecule is important in several contexts, not least as a bridge between the relative simplicity of diatomic molecules and the complexities of polyatomic RT and VRT. We show that for pure RT, an AM constraint dominates but that this changes to a dominant energetic constraint in the case of VRT. The requirement that the ͑001͒ vibrational channel be opened simultaneously with the generation of AM imposes special restrictions which effectively limit the trajectories that lead to VRT. The origin of this is a constraint-induced restriction on the effective impact parameter (b n max ) for individual ⌬ j channels and the effect is manifest as reduced probability for populating low ⌬ j channels. In CO 2 -H* this leads to a shift in the peak of ͑VRT͒ ⌬j probabilities away from zero as found experimentally for the ͑001͒ vibrational mode. We report a Monte Carlo trajectory calculation similar to that of Kreutz and Flynn ͓J. Chem. Phys. 93, 452 ͑1990͔͒ but predict an exponential-like dependence of pure RT on ⌬ j. For VRT to ͑001͒ the constraint-induced restrictions on b n max are incorporated quantitatively and the vibrational channel-opening velocity is treated as a vector quantity. The results of these calculations are in good agreement with experiment. The underlying mechanism, likely to be general in VRT, is clearly revealed in plots of relative velocity versus rotational AM change.

In this paper, we briefly review the boxed molecular dynamics (BXD) method which allows analysis of thermodynamics and kinetics in complicated molecular systems. BXD is a multiscale technique, in which thermodynamics and long-time dynamics are recovered from a set of short-time simulations. In this paper, we review previous applications of BXD to peptide cyclization, solution phase organic reaction dynamics and desorption of ions from self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We also report preliminary results of simulations of diamond etching mechanisms and protein unfolding in atomic force microscopy experiments. The latter demonstrate a correlation between the protein's structural motifs and its potential of mean force. Simulations of these processes by standard molecular dynamics (MD) is typically not possible, because the experimental time scales are very long. However, BXD yields well-converged and physically meaningful results. Compared with other methods of accelerated MD, our BXD approach is very simple; it is easy to implement, and it provides an integrated approach for simultaneously obtaining both thermodynamics and kinetics. It also provides a strategy for obtaining statistically meaningful dynamical results in regions of configuration space that standard MD approaches would visit only very rarely.

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A multiple hard-ellipsoid model is developed to describe atom-diatom rotationally inelastic collisions. The model is designed to be used for 'soft' and anisotropic repulsive intermolecular potentials for which single hard-shape models fail to reproduce the integral cross-sections. It is shown for the Na,-He system that a small number of ellipsoids representing different regions of the repulsive intermolecular potential can be used within a classically impulsive approximation to reproduce the integral J = 0 + J' cross-sections. The model facilitates investigation of how different regions of t h e intermolecular potential contribute to rotationally inelastic scattering processes.