Purpose of Study: Malaysian tourism sector has widened its scope by venturing into extreme sports tourism. With this new development, tourism opportunities are created and boosting the Malaysian tourism industry growth. The study highlights the development of extreme sports destination that closely related to international and tourists’ involvement and preferences in Malaysia. The purpose of this paper is to determine the predictors of sports tourism involvement in Malaysia from the extreme sports perspective. Specifically, it is going to investigate the possible significant predictors that possibly influenced the international or local tourists’ preferences in choosing Malaysia as their preferred extreme sports tourism destination. This study is restricted to international or local tourists who participated or going to participate in extreme sports activities in Malaysia. Methodology: This study proposes a theoretical framework that is developed based on the review of past researches and literatures. We identified five factors that possibly influenced international tourists or local tourists to choose Malaysia as their extreme sports tourism destination simultaneously involved in such activities. Those predictors are event popularity and entertainment, economics (costs and expenses), facilities and infrastructures, social, and environmental impact. Results: The proposed hypotheses predicted a significant and positive relationship exists between event popularity and entertainment, economics (costs and expenses), facilities and infrastructures, social, and environmental impact towards the tourist involvement and sports tourism development in Malaysia. For the future research, we proposed to further conduct an empirical analysis to test these hypotheses. Implications/Applications: This study could help tourism sectors to explore opportunities for development particularly in the extreme sports sectors in Malaysia. This study is also useful for researchers, students, tourism operators, tourism sectors, government and society because it could increase the involvement of international tourist or local into the extreme sports activities in Malaysia.
The Indonesian National Health Service (NHS) is part of Indonesia’s national social security system. Its implementation is full of problems, such as the rejection of patients, the NHS payment which is lower than the real health cost, sanctions, fines, etc. The Indonesian National Social Security System, especially the NHS services, was established by the state to give social protection to its citizens. The Black Swan Theory is based on the presumption that all swans are white, thus in this case, the Indonesian NHS is truly a program aimed to give social security in the health sector, just as the general conditions of social securities applied in other countries. This research studies this theory to explore the paradoxes which happen in the Indonesian NHS to find the black swan. In this case, the black swan is a paradoxical symbol regarding the regulations and the problems of the Indonesian NHS. This research uses the juridical-doctrinal or the normative method and is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Based on the Black Swan theory, this research tries to find paradoxical, extreme, and unpredictable discrepancies in the Indonesian NHS. It is found that the Indonesian NHS is a black swan or unpredicted according to black swan theory. The objectives, practices, and regulations of this NHS are truly different from the NHS which is supposed to be given to the Indonesians. It transfers the government’s burden in establishing the health service and the rights of the citizens to the citizens, coupled with the threat of sanctions which is unknown in NHS. The applied Indonesian NHS has an extensive impact on hundreds of millions of Indonesian citizens.
Apparel export enterprises are organizations that are part of the global supply chain. Covid-19, a global pandemic, has emerged as a supply chain disruption since March 2020. The situation is uncertain, and export enterprises at upstream need clear visibility to manage business activities at their end. Due to Covid-19, all global chain stakeholders are at risk, but the apparel chain upstream is more vulnerable than in developing and underdeveloped countries. The situation is exacerbating sustainability and causing labor jobs, excess inventory, production waste, and irresponsible raw material consumption. The paper aims to propose a model based on resource capabilities and a supply chain strategy for exporting enterprises. The model presented in the research is the 'Resource & Leagile Strategy' (RLS) model. The study uses the resource-based view (RBV) to specify resources and leagile strategy to manage the uncertainties created due to Covid-19.
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